Thursday, July 30, 2020

Shalom M. Paul on Isaiah 54:5


 

[5] The reinstitution of the marital ties between God and His people.

For He who created you will espouse you—There is no reason for you to remain in a state of ignominy, since the Lord “who made you (עֹשַׂיִךְ)” (see Isa 44:2: “Thus said the Lord, your Maker [עֹשֶׂךָ], your Creator who has helped you since birth”; cf. also 43:7; 45:7; 51:13) “shall once again take you back as His wife”; cf. 54:1; 62:4, 5; Jer 3:14; 31:31. עֹשַׂיִךְ is a qal participle with a second-person feminine singular suffix; cf. Isa 22:11: “But you gave no thought to Him who planned it (עֹשֶׂיהָ)”; Ps 149:2: “Let Israel rejoice in its Maker (בעֹשָׂיו).” The poʿel participle בֹּעֲלַיִךְ (note the phonetic similarity between it and עֹשַׂיִך) denotes “one who bonds in a spousal relationship.” The plural forms are explained as referring to “the plurality of the Godhead” (Ibn Balaam, ed. Goshen-Gottstein, 217); or, according to Ibn Ganaḥ, “in order to glorify and exalt” (Sefer ha-Riqmah, 295, line 18); but see also GKC §124k. Note the variant reading of 1QIsaa: בעלכי (“your Husband”) (as in LXX, Peshitta, and Targum: מָרִיךְ) and עושך (“your Maker” [singular]); the י is written, however, above the line: עושיך. For the espousal image, see v. 1; and for the verb בעל in similar contexts, see 62:5; Deut 21:13; 24:1; Mal 2:11. There may be a deliberate wordplay here as well, since the word בעליך may be phonetically divided into two: ב(א) עליך (“He who comes unto you”), in the sexual sense; cf. 2 Sam 12:24.

His name is “Lord of Hosts”—a divine sobriquet emphasizing the Deity’s power and potency; see Isa 44:6; 45:13; 47:4; 48:2.

 

The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer—For the two titles, “Redeemer” (גואל) and “the Holy One of Israel” (קדוש ישראל), in tandem, see 41:14; 43:14; 47:4 (where they appear in the same sequence: “Our Redeemer—Lord of Hosts is His name—the Holy One of Israel”); 48:17; 49:7. For similar divine epithets in Mesopotamian literature, see CAD D:19–20. (See the introduction, §9.)

He is called “God of all the earth”—For similar expressions, cf. “Sovereign of all the earth” (אדון כל הארץ; Josh 3:11, 13; Zech 4:14; 6:5; Ps 97:5); “King over all the earth” (מלך כל הארץ; Zech 14:9; Ps 47:8); “God of the earth” (אלהי הארץ; Gen 24:3; 2 Kgs 17:26 [twice], 27). (Shalom M. Paul, Isaiah 40-66: Translation and Commentary [Eerdmans Critical Commentary; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2012], 421-22)