Wednesday, September 9, 2020

Andrew Kimseng Tan on Paul's Theology of Baptism in Romans 6

 

 

In 6:3-5, Paul reminds them of the fact of their baptism [163]. Baptism has a social intertexture wherein the implied audience would construe being baptized according to Paul’s explanation: “baptized into his death” (6:3b) [164]. This ritual also contains an ideological texture. The ritual of baptism would cause the participant to experience and affirm as real the significance of the rite of baptism: that Christians have died with Christ to sin [165]. This baptism into Christ’s death also contains a historical intertexture, in that the death of Christ and his resurrection were conceived as one event. This implies that the rite of baptism also communicates to the Christians that they have been raised with Christ from the dead. On the grounds that they have metaphorically died to the power of sin and received resurrection life, they are able now to “walk in newness of life” (6:4 NRSV). As mentioned previously, 6:4 constitutes the main rebuttal of the rhetorical question in 6:1. What follows in 6:5-14 elaborates on 6:4, as indicated by the causative γαρ in 6:5. The verb περιπατειν (“to walk” [6:4]) contains a social intertexture that recalls the Hebrew verb הָלַךְ and denotes a lifestyle. To walk in “newness of life” with its underlying social intertexture of life after death creates an ideological texture that compels Christians to live a lifestyle that has a clear break with sin. This lifestyle conforms to a corporate identity as intimated by the proliferation of first-person plural verbs. These first-person plural verbs assert ideological power on the implied audience, encouraging them to conform to the new corporate identity characterized by the new lifestyle. Thus, by reminding the implied audience of the rite of baptism, Paul exerts ideological power on the implied audience in order to convince them that they have died to sin and have been raised with Christ in some decisive and meaningful way. The twofold reality of the conclusion in 4:23-25 is thus impressed upon Judean and especially gentile Christians: that they are able to live a righteous life without abusing the abundance of favor (5:20-21) that comes with trust in God (4:23-25).

 

Death is made sure by the fact of the crucifixion in 6:6-10. The social intertexture underlying crucifixion mobilizes ideological power to impress upon the implied audience that the life of sin is over. This social intertexture reinforces the conclusion in 4:23-25 and mobilizes ideological power to assure the implied audience that because Jesus’s death on the cross is sure, sin is totally expiated. Thus, the body of sin is destroyed (6:6), and Christians are “freed from sin” (6:7).

 

Notes for the Above

 

[163] Moo notes that “by the date of Romans, ‘baptism’ had become almost a technical expression for the rite of Christian initiation by water.” In a footnote, he also observes that of Paul’s eleven occurrences of the word βαπτιζειν (“to baptize”), all but one denote water baptism (Epistle to the Romans, 359 and n. 38). Contra James D.G. Dunn, who interprets it as a metaphor for incorporate into the body of Christ. See Dunn, “Salvation Proclaimed: VI. Romans 6:1-11: Dead and Alive,” ExpTim 93 (1982):261

 

[164] For the possible understandings of Paul’s implied audience about baptism, see the discussion in Florence M. Gillman, A Study of Romans 6:5a: United to a Death like Christ’s (San Francisco: Mellen Research University, 1992), 37-42. She observes the chiasm in 6:3, “We were baptized into Christ, into his death we were baptized,” and is probably right to conclude that Paul’s implied audience understood the Christian baptism as one that identifies the Christian with Christ’s death. Cf. Brook W.R. Pearson, who observes that in the cult of Isis and Osiris, baptism identified the believer with the death of the god Osiris in the Nile. See Pearson, “Baptism and Initiation in the Cult of Isis and Sarapis,” in Baptism in the New Testament and the Church: Historical and Contemporary Studies in Honor of R.E.O. White, ed. Stanley E. Porter and Anthony R. Cross, JSNTSup 171 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1999), 51

 

[165] Émile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, trans. Joseph Ward Swain (New York: Free Press, 1965), 463-65.

 

Source: Andrew Kimseng Tan, The Rhetoric of Abraham’s Faith in Romans 4 (Emory Studies in Early Christianity 20; Atlanta: SBL Press, 2018), 78-80