Saturday, April 3, 2021

Robert M. Grant on Apollinaris and the Quartodeciman Controversy

  

Apollinaris and Synods on Easter Observance

 

Another controversy in which Apollinaris sided with Rome concerned Easter observance. The problem had arisen because the Asian churches were relying on the Jewish calendar in order to relate Easter to the date of Passover, when Christ was crucified. At Rome Easter was always observed on a Sunday; the matter had been discussed but not resolved when Polycarp of Smyrna visited Anicetus at Rome about 155. Disagreements also existed within the province of Asia itself, and at the end of the second century Victor of Rome urged synods to convene “throughout the world.” Such synods met in Palestine, at Rome, in Pontus, in Gaul, at Jerusalem with the bishops of Caesarea and Jerusalem as presidents; at Rome under the bishop Victor; in “Osrhoene and the cities there,” at Corinth, and in Asia (Eusebius Church History 5.23). Eusebius, who lists these synods, says that outside Asia they unanimously agreed that Easter should always be observed on a Sunday. He does not cite any evidence from Phrygia.

 

Obviously the unanimity was incomplete, for the Asians did not agree with the others. In addition, Eusebius seems to have misunderstood his excerpts from the letter of the Palestinians. They discussed their own apostolic tradition about the Passover and ended with this warning: “Try to send copies of our letter to every church, so that we may not be responsible for those who readily lead their own souls astray. We inform you that also in Alexandria they observe the same day as we do; for documents are exchanged between us so that we observe the holy day in agreement and together” (Ibid., 5.25). The Palestinians were trying to give publicity to their own minority report, evidently without success. Perhaps the stand taken by Narcissus of Jerusalem explains why he was mysteriously slandered and mysteriously disappeared from the episcopate, though later restored to reach the age of 116 (Ibid., 6.9-10; 11.3). As for Alexandria, a fragment from Irenaeus was addressed “to an Alexandrian to the effect that it is right, with respect to the Feast of the Resurrection, that we should celebrate it upon the first day of the week” (Irenaeus, Syriac frag. 27, II 456). The Alexandrian evidently did not celebrate the feast on a Sunday. Polycrates of Ephesus may have claimed the Palestinians and the Alexandrians for the Quartodeciman side, which celebrated Easter on the fourteenth of the Jewish month Nisan.

 

He also claimed “Philip of the twelve apostles, who sleeps at Hierapolis” as a Quartodeciman. Presumably the present bishop Apollinaris stood with Rome against other Asians. (Robert M. Grant, Greek Apologists of the Second Century [Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1988], 89-90)