Saturday, November 13, 2021

Brendan Byrne on Romans 3:21-26 and ιλαστηριον (v. 25) Meaning "Propitiation" not Expiation Merely

  

Behind this salvific outcome is God's action, now in the past, that Paul describes in 25a: "whom God put forward as a ιλαστηριον by his blood, effective through faith." The Latin rendering of ιλαστηριον as propitiatio has undoubtedly contributed significantly to the understanding of Christ's death in Christian soteriology as making "satisfaction" to God, offended by human sin. The Greek term itself, along with cognates such as the verb ιλασκομαι and the noun ιλασμος, in wider usage outside the Bible has the sense of "make gracious,' usually with respect to placating an angry god or offended human being. It is regularly used in connection with sacrifices of various kinds designed to assuage the anger of a god that a suppliant believes lies behind illness or misfortune. To the ears of the Greek-speaking members of the churches in Rome to whom Paul's letter was read, the reference to Christ's death as a ιλαστηριον would most likely have this propitiatory sense. . . . Until recently, especially on the grounds of an allusion to the Day of Atonement ritual, I have argued for the interpretation of ιλαστηριον in Romans 3:25 in an expiatory sense. I now find that position harder to maintain in the face, first of all, of the dominant propitiatory sense in secular age. How could Paul be confident that the community in Rome, one that he himself had not founded or instructed, would hear a reference to the Day of Atonement ritual without requiring explanation to that effect? We must reckon with the possibility that the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew with ιλαστηριον could well have introduced a more propitiatory nuance not present in the Hebrew original. It is Greek that Paul wrote and his audience heard. It is unsafe then to allow the background expressed in Hebrew to determine the meaning across the translation. In other words, allusion to the Day of Atonement—and the implication that God in Christ was performing the culminating Day of Atonement, not simply for Israel but for the entire world—may not of itself be sufficient to make a purely expiatory understanding of Paul’s formulation in Romans 3:25 convincing.

 

Second, the interpretation of ιλαστηριον in 3:25 cannot ignore the overarching threat of divine wrath that begins with the assertion of the revelation of God’s wrath (οργη) in 1:18, continues in the prospect of judgment looming throughout 1:19-3:20, and surfaces repeatedly throughout the remainder of the letter (4:15; 5:9; 9:22; 12:19; 13:4; see also 1 Thess. 1:10; 2:16; 5:9). The implied causal connection (see γαρ) between the revelation of God’s righteousness and the revelation of God’s wrath across Romans 1:17-18 implies in turn that the revelation of God’s righteousness is necessitated by the revelation of God’s wrath, the threat overhanging the entire human race because of the universal lack of righteousness. Thus the renewed proclamation of the revelation of God’s righteousness in 3:21-26 seems to be a very intentional response on Paul’s part to the threat of the wrath that continues to hang over all. This strongly reinforces the appropriateness of reading ιλαστηριον in a propitiatory sense at this point. (Brendan Byrne, Paul and the Economy of Salvation: Reading from the Perspective of the Last Judgment [Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Academic, 2021], 97, 98-99)

 

It is hard to eliminate all nuance of propitiation from the function of Christ’s death in this passage. God does not simply forgive human sin. In the person of the Son, God deals with human sin in a way that displays the evil and offense of sin, while at the same time creating for human beings the possibility of being found righteous at the judgment and so escaping the wrath. God’s justification of the believer thus represents a unified exercise of divine righteousness in both a judicial and salvific sense (Rom. 3:25b-26). Paul describes the same divine action in Romans 8:3, where, through the sending of the Son in the likeness of sinflu flesh, God deals with sin by “condemning” (κατεκρινεν) its manifestation “in the flesh.” The soteriological passage in 2 Corinthians 5:18-21 features the motif of “reconciliation”—a one-sided reconciliation where, in the person of the Son (Christ)”, who is “made sin” (v. 21b), God reaches out to the alienated human world, “not counting their trespasses against them” (v. 19b). Here perhaps the language of “expiation” could be appropriate. But, as in Romans 5:6, 8, and especially 8:32, there remains the implication that the “not counting” of the trespasses is not without cost. . . . By dying with him in baptism (see Rom. 6:3-4a, 5a, 6; 2 Cor. 5:14; Gal. 2:19) believers enter into the ιλαστηριον of his death and so into divine “condemnation” (Rom. 8:3; see 4:25a) of sin. By entering into his obedience (Rom. 5:19; Phil. 2:8) they also enter into the justification displayed in his resurrection (Rom. 4:25b). Thus the justification of believers is not a series of (innumerable) fresh divine acts in regard to individuals. Believers participate in God’s justification to the obedient Christ. (Ibid., 231-32, 233)

 

Justification of the Ungodly

 

In what sense, then is this “the justification of the ungodly” (Rom. 4:5)? It is the justification of those who have been “ungodly” (sinners) and who in themselves have no grounds for justification. They are justified solely on the basis of the righteousness of God embodied in the obedient Christ, into whose total career (obedient death, burial, and resurrection) they have entered through faith and baptism. They do not as yet share his risen life in a bodily sense; that must await his final defeat of death (1 Cor. 15:22-28). But they already share in the justification bodily displayed in his resurrection (Rom. 4:25b). (Ibid., 233)

 

Further Reading


Critique of "The Christ Who Heals"