Friday, November 26, 2021

Scott Butler and John Collorafi on Peter being the New Moses among Some Christian Authors

 Syriac Writers

 

Some Syriac writers draw a parallel between Moses and Peter. Moses was the undisputed leader of God’s people in the Old Covenant, a role that falls to Simon Peter in the New. The Liturgy and the fathers sometimes use references to the Transfiguration to introduce this comparison. St. Ephraem, for example, in a sermon on the Transfiguration, expressed a thought which is echoed in the Syrian offices:

 

The princes of the Old and New Testament saw each other there. The saintly Moses beheld the sanctified Simon; the Stewart of the Father saw the Procurator of the Son. The former rent the sea to let the people walk in the midst of the waves; the latter raised the (new) Tabernacle so as to build the Church. (Opera Omnia, ed. G. Vossius, 687)

 

James of Sergus comments, in his homily on the Transfiguration:

 

He brought together Moses, who is the beginning of prophecy, and John, who is the beauty of apostleship. He summoned Elijah and associated him with Simon, the head of the disciples, so that the keys (of power) over (all) creatures might be confirmed to him. He sought to make manifest before the herald Apostles that he had given the Spirit likewise to the prophets, and that they were His servants. He sent forth His Gospel so that ti might prevail over the world through Simon, and He brought in Moses so that he might be a witness that he was true. (P. Bedjan, ed., Homiliae selectae Mar-Jacobi Sarugensis, Paris 1906, 2:362-3, tr. Prof. William Macomber)

 

In a poetic homily on the Resurrection, James of Serug presents St. John as deferring to St. Peter, out of consideration for the keys:

 

John came to the door of the bridegroom king’s tomb, but he did not enter until Simon the perfect arrived. He waited for the one who bore the keys of the treasury to arrive, so that he as steward might open and enter. John stood like a wise man and did not enter, so as not to confuse the settled order of heraldship. He waited for the head of the disciples to arrive, who had fallen behind him, so that he might first see and bear witness to His resurrection. Simon Cephas, the head (or: wall) of the structures came and entered before him, so that he might be placed first on the apostolic building. The spiritual youth observed (good) order with regard to the noble old man, so that he might serve as the first foundation of the heraldship. (P. Bedjan, ed., Homiliae selectae Mar-Jacobi Sarugensis, Paris 1906, 2:618-619, tr. Prof. William Macomber) (Scott Butler and John Collorafi, Keys Over the Christian World: The Evidence for Papal Authority (33 AD – 800 AD) from Ancient Latin, Greek, Chaldean, Syriac, Armenian, Coptic and Ethiopian Documents [State Line, Pa.: Catholic Apologetics International Publishing, Inc., 2021], 566-67)

 

Other Christian Authors

 

Because both Peter and Moses appeared at the Transfiguration of Jesus, the Fathers sometimes used their homiletical remarks on this feat to draw this parallel.

 

St. John Damascene did precisely that. Preaching on the Transfiguration, he characterizes Moses as the ‘divine lawgiver,’ and Peter as the ‘chiefest (disciple) of the New Testament’. (PG 99:548)

 

The Damascene added other remarks about Peter’s high dignity, for example:

 

. . . secretly He (Jesus) instructs him whom he had predestined to be the worthy president (proedron) of the Church. (PG 99:553)

 

. . . (Christ) ordained thee the keybearer of the kingdom of heaven and gave thee the power of binding and loosing sins. (PG 99:555)

 

. . . He took Peter (on the mountain) as him who was the president (proedron), who was also going to take up the helm of the entire Church. (PG 99:560)

 

In one sarcophagus in the catacombs, Peter is depicted as receiving the New Law from Christ, Mediator of the New Testament, much as Moses received the Old Law on the mountain. At other times, a figure is represented striking a rock, a parallel with a biblically recorded event in the life of Moses. A six letter inscription removes all doubt about the figure’s identity: PETRUS. (Kraus, F.X. Roma Sotteranea, Freiburg 1879, 339-40

 

Another type of ancient image, the traditio legis, depicts Christ handing the scroll of the Law to Peter, while St. Paul watches reverently. In the traditio clavium, Christ delivers the keys to St. Peter. (Cf. C. Pietri, Roma Christana, Rome 1976, 1413 sq.)

 

St. Macarius of Egypt taught that “Moses was succeeded by Peter, who had committed to his hands the new Church of Christ and the true priesthood.” (Hom. 26, PG 34:690)

 

In the Latin Church, Augustine boldly makes the same comparison:

 

Why is it illogical, if Peter, after (wishing to use the sword) became Pastor of the Church, as Moses, after killing the Egyptian, became Ruler of that (Old Testament) Synagogue? (Contra Faustum, XXII, 70, PLL 42:445) (Ibid., 621-23)