Friday, December 10, 2021

The “Son of Man” in Daniel 7 being Interpreted as Metatron (Enoch) in Gedullat Mosheh (sixth century AD)

Commenting in the interpretation of Dan 7 in Gedullath Moshesh, Munoa writes:

 

The sixth-century Jewish text, Gedullat Mosheh, is another variation on Daniel 7.

 

Ged. Mos. 5: I saw further the fiery river Rigyon, which comes out before God, from under the throne of glory, and is formed from the perspiration of the holy Creatures who support the throne of glory; and out of dread of God's majesty perspire fire. This river is meant by the saying 'a fiery steam issued and came forth before him, thousand thousands ministered before him, and ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him, the judgment was set and the books were opened' (Dan. vii. 10). The Almighty sits and judges the ministering angels, and after the judgment they bathe [sic] in that river of fire . . .

 

This text, with decidedly apocalyptic and mystical interests, quotes Dan. 7.10 and interprets it as part of a judgment scene. The author appears to have identified the Ancient of Days, who is not mentioned by name in the passage, with God, who is called 'Almighty' and sits enthroned judging the angels. The reading is quite similar to the fifth-century text, 3 En. 35.3-5, and may be a development of that portion. Gedullat Mosheh goes on to detail the judgment scene it has based upon Daniel 7. In its description of God judging the angels, the text identifies an assistant who is enthroned and judges with God. After referring to Michael, Gabriel, and Iefefiyah as angels who stand before God's throne, the angel Metatron's position is given: 'he sits and judges all the heavenly hosts before his master. And God pronounces judgment and he [Metatron?] executes it.' Given the setting of Daniel 7 around which this scene is developed. Metatron appears to be an interpretation of 'one like a son of man'. The two thrones of God and Metatron match the 'thrones' of Dan. 7.9. Like his counterpart in Daniel 7, Metatron has been granted a special status in heaven as God's agent. (Phillip B. Munoa, III, Four Powers in Heaven: The Interpretation of Daniel 7 in the Testament of Abraham [Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement Series 28; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998], 68-69)

 

Elsewhere Munoa notes that:

 

Even the late Gedullat Mosheh, with its account of God and Metatron as judges, has much in common with these ancient interpretations [those of Testament of Abraham (A) chapter 11 and Apocryphon of John 1:24-25] since its candidate for the 'son of man' figure, the angel Metatron, was formerly the patriarch Enoch (3 En. 4.1-5). The Gedullat Moshesh shows an interpretation of Daniel 7 which is similar to that of the Testament of Abraham. (Ibid., 70)

 

With respect to the 3 Enoch texts Munoa references, here they are reproduced in full for those curious:

 

3 Enoch 4:1-5

 

4 1 R. Ishmael said:

I said to Meṭaṭron, “Why are you called by the name of your Creator with seventy names? You are greater than all the princes, more exalted than all the angels, more beloved than all the ministers, more honored than all the hosts, and elevated over all potentates in sovereignty, greatness, and glory; why, then, do they call you ‘Youth’ in the heavenly heights?” 2He answered, “Because I am Enoch, the son of Jared. 3When the generation of the Flood sinned and turned to evil deeds, and said to God, ‘Go away! We do not choose to learn your ways,’ the Holy One, blessed be he, took me from their midst to be a witness against them in the heavenly height to all who should come into the world, so that they should not say, ‘The Merciful One is cruel! 4 Did all those multitudes of people sin? And even if they sinned, what sin did their wives, their sons, and their daughters commit? And what of their horses, their mules, their beasts, their cattle, and all the birds of the world which the Holy One destroyed with them in the waters of the Flood—what sin did they commit that they should have perished as well?’ 5 Therefore the Holy One, blessed be he, brought me up in their lifetime, before their very eyes, to the heavenly height, to be a witness against them to future generations. And the Holy One, blessed be he, appointed me in the height as a prince and a ruler among the ministering angels. (P. Alexander, "3 (Hebrew Apocalypse of) Enoch) (Fifth-Sixth Century A.D.): A New Translation and Introduction," in James H. Charlesworth, ed., The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, 2 vols. [New York: Yale University Press, 1983], 1:258)

 

3 Enoch 35:1-5

 

1 R. Ishmael said: The angel Meṭaṭron, Prince of the Divine Presence, said to me:

The Holy One, blessed be he, has 496,000 myriads of camps in the height of the heaven of ʿArabot, and in each camp are 496,000 angels. 2 Every angel is as the Great Sea in height, and the appearance of their faces is like lightning; their eyes are like torches of fire; their arms and feet look like burnished bronze, and the roar of their voices when they speak is as the sound of a multitude.

3 They all stand before the throne of glory in four rows and mighty princes stand at the head of each row. 4 Some of them say “Holy” and some of them say “Blessed”; some run on missions and some stand and serve, as it is written,

 

      A thousand thousand waited on him,

      ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him.

      A court was held

      and the books were opened.

 

5 When the time comes to say “Holy,” a storm wind first goes out from the presence of the Holy One, blessed be he, and falls on the camps of the Šekinah, and a great storm arises among them, as it is written,

 

      Now a storm of the Lord breaks,

      a tempest whirls. (Ibid., 288)