Monday, January 31, 2022

Note on Ecclesiastes 3:20-21; 12:7 and Latter-day Saint Theology

 

 

All go unto one place; all are of the dust, and all turn to dust again. Who knoweth the spirit of man that goeth upward, and the spirit of the beast that goeth downward to the earth? (Eccl 3:20-21)

 

Then shall the dust return to earth as it was: and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it. (Eccl 12:7)

 

While reading a scholarly work on the book of Ecclesiastes (AKA Qohelet), it struck me that the Latter-day Saint belief in the spirit world/intermediate state (and it not being “heaven”) helps harmonise these two biblical texts that the traditional view (the righteous dead go immediately to heaven) does not:

 

12:7. The first sentence, “and the soil returns to the earth as it was before”, applies both to the earthen vessel, lying broken in the well, and to the human body, lying buried in the ground, bereft of life-breath.

 

In 3:20–21, Qohelet said that man has no advantage over the beast because no one knows whether man’s life-spirit goes upward at death. In 12:7 he states that man’s life-spirit goes back to God, and this must be upwards. There is indeed a contradiction here, but it is not between a belief in an afterlife and a rejection of that belief. The return of the life-spirit to God simply means death. Neither verse affirms an afterlife. Schoors (1985b) examined the passages that refer to death and concluded that Qohelet views death as extinction.

 

At death, whether of man or beast, the elements of life—body and breath—separate, and God takes back his gift of life. Ps 104:29, in describing the death of all creatures, says: “You gather in their life-spirit and they expire, and they return to their dirt”; see also Job 34:14f. and Sir 40:11 (Hebrew). In the ancient Hebrew anthropology, the person is the body, no less than the animal’s body is the animal. The life-spirit or breath (ruaḥ) is an addition that vivifies the person. This concept is evident in Ezek 37:8–10 and Gen 2:7. The creature God forms is a man before he gets the ruaḥ, at which time he becomes a nepeš ḥayyah, a living being. (The notion that man is a soul who has a body is Greek in origin; the only glimmer of this concept in the HB is in Qoh 3:21.) When the spirit is removed, the person, and not only the body, is said to go to the earth, or to Sheol, or to darkness (Ps 104:29; Qoh 6:4; 9:10; and often). Thus 12:7 does not imply continued existence of the sort that would overcome death and compensate for the miseries of life. The verse says that at death a person’s body returns to the dirt and his life-spirit is withdrawn, in other words, he is deprived of breath, without which he is a helpless, weary semi-being.

 

The contradiction between 12:7 and 3:21 lies in the significance they attribute to the spirit’s ascent. In 3:20–21 Qohelet expresses doubt that the life-spirit rises at death but implicitly grants that this event would distinguish man’s demise from mere animal death, and moreover that this ascension would save man from being hebel. In 12:7, on the other hand, Qohelet assumes that the spirit returns to God but takes this event to mean death and nothing more, and this assumption does not prevent a hebel-judgment in the next verse. If the return of the spirit did mean something more than the extinguishing of life, some form of salvation for the individual, Qohelet would be reversing the entire pessimistic, worldly thrust of the book in one sentence without context or preparation. Moreover, the very next sentence, the declaration of universal absurdity, would be undermined, for if the essential part of man, the soul (as ruaḥ would mean in that case), were to survive with God, man would not be hebel, however that word is defined.

 

Since 12:7 does not imply afterlife, it is actually more pessimistic than 3:21. In the earlier verse, Qohelet at least allows that the life-spirit’s ascent to God would redeem humanity from absurdity, whereas in the later verse he affirms such an ascent and yet sees no escape from death’s obliterating power or life’s universal absurdity.

 

The contradiction in the assumptions behind these two verses cannot be reconciled logically, but it does not have major implications for the book’s meaning. In 3:21 Qohelet is countering an idea that was probably appearing in Jewish thought for the first time: the ascent of the soul to eternal life. Having discounted that possibility as unknowable and thus irrelevant, Qohelet leaves it aside. When, at the climax of his grim description of death in chapter 12, he speaks of the departure of the life-breath, he perceives it in the ancient way as signifying God’s repossession of the life force. (Michael V. Fox, Qohelet and His Contradictions [Decatur, Ga.: The Almond Press, 1989], 308-9)

 

For a discussion (and refutation) of “soul sleep,” see:

 

Response to Douglas V. Pond on Biblical and LDS Anthropology and Eschatology