Sunday, February 27, 2022

Sarah Whittle on Christ Being Made a Curse

  

. . . Deuteronomy 27:26 is the final one of Israel’s curses; furthermore, the text of Paul’s amendment, . . . (including 28:58; 30:10), functions to emphasise the representative nature of this final curse. Following Deuteronomy, then, it appears that Paul’s ‘curse of the law’ is the curse the law threatens for those who disobey it and that which Deuteronomy clearly anticipates Israel’s disobedience will invoke. For Paul, therefore, Israel as a whole is the recipient of the law’s curse. The case that this scheme underlies his argument is supported by the Christological resolution Paul sets out.

 

In Galatians 3:13 Paul returns to the language of curse to explain that Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us (Χριστος ημας εξηγορασεν εκ της καταρας του νομου γενομενος υπερ ημων καταρα). Again, Scripture provides an explanation: ‘Since it is written: cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree’ (οτι γεγραπται επικαταρατος πας κρεμαμενος επι ζυλου). The first significant aspect of this second composite citation, created from LXX Deuteronomy 21:23 (κεκατηραμενος υπο θεου πας κρεμαμενος επι ζυλου), where it describes the dead body of a hanged criminal, is the replacement of κακετηραμενος with επικαταρατος, a term occurring frequently in Deuteronomy 27. Apparently, this provides support for the assertion in Romans 3:10: the curse Christ bore was the one invoked by Israel’s faithlessness. A second significant aspect is the omission of υπο θεου, leaving the source of the curse unspecified. While these few verses are undoubtedly fraught with interpretive problems when viewed from Paul’s rhetorical scheme, his dependence on Deuteronomy’s narrative and Deuteronomy’s curse language in relation to Christ’s death is less troublesome: Paul cites Scripture to demonstrate how the curse pronounced by the law, which faithless Israel would inevitably experience, is brought to an end with Christ’s crucifixion.

 

Blessing and curses are a theme with origins in the Genesis narrative (and Paul has just cited Genesis 12:3 in Galatians 3:8), but Paul’s Deuteronomy citations go on to appeal to the blessing and curses attached to the Deuteronomy covenant. The way that Paul can move between Genesis 12:3 and Deuteronomy 27-28 within the space of two verses (Galatians 3:8, 10) points us to the Deuteronomy covenant-renewal text being in view as the interpretive framework for the climax of the promises made to Abraham. This coheres with our findings regarding the conflation of these traditions in the oath to the fathers from Deuteronomy. Wisdom has developed the implications of this juxtaposition: he explains how Christ’s death exhausts the covenant curse, which leads to the fulfilment of the promises to Abraham. Yet what is noted less often is that Paul seems to see not only the blessings to Abraham coming to pass but also the covenant blessing of Deuteronomy; beyond the law’s curse, Israel would again be established as a holy people. Indeed, this is borne out by the citations in the catena, including Moses’ Song, which establishes the Gentiles as legitimate participants in Israel’s restoration.

 

There is some discussion about the referent of ημας in Paul’s statement about Christ’s redemption (Χριστος ημας εξηγορασεν—Galatians 3:13), but the consensus seems to be that it is both Jew and Gentile for whom Paul sees the curse of the law being removed, inasmuch as the Gentiles are also outside the covenant. If to be under the curse means to be outside the blessing of covenant, so too the Gentiles, idolaters by definition, are outside. But whether they are actual lawbreakers or lawbreakers by implication only, they are recipients of the covenant’s curse by virtue of being Gentiles. The πας and πασιν in Galatians 3:10 are emphatic: all are in view. The fact that redemption from the law’s curse specifically leads to Gentile inclusion—by fulfilling the promises to Abraham by the gift of the Spirit—confirms this. We will return to Romans 15:7-8 and to a focus on our findings.

 

Our findings suggest that Paul’s declaration that ‘Christ confirms the promises to the patriarchs’ in the midst of the catena of texts attesting to Israel’s restoration functions as a reference to more than the Genesis narrative. Christ’s suffering, interpreted as his becoming a servant of the circumcision on behalf of God’s truth and mercy, finds its parallel in Paul’s discussion of Christ bearing the curse of the law, where ‘Jesus entered so fully into Israel’s enslaved condition that he absorbed that exhausted the curse fully in his own innocent death’ (Richard B Hays, “The Letter to the Galatians: Introduction, Commentary and Reflections,” The New Interpreter’s Bible, vol. 11 [2000], 260). This is important because Paul does not just go from Abraham to the fulfilment of promise of children for Abraham without passing through the Deuteronomic story of the covenant and consequent curses, and the blessing which would follow the divine activity—interpreted by Paul as the coming of the Spirit. Romans 15:8 is likely, therefore, to have the whole of Israel’s story in view in its description of Christ as servant of the circumcision, including that of a people established as the renewal of the covenant in an act of consecration.

 

We have shown how Paul juxtaposes the blessing for Abraham with the redemption of the curses of the covenant. And we have also shown that this concept is present in Deuteronomy. But it is significant that it is not only the blessing to Abraham in view here. Just as the representative under the law’s curse, so too the representative blessing for obedience of Deuteronomy 28:9 seems also to be in Paul’s sight. Beyond the curse of exile, Israel would be restored, and this would take place on the basis of the oath to the fathers: ‘The Lord will establish you as his holy people, as he has sworn to your fathers (ωμοσεν τοις πατρασιν σου), if you hear the voice of the Lord and walk in his ways.’ Apparently, Christ’s curse-bearing death enables not only the blessings of Abraham to come to pass, but also the blessings of Deuteronomy in the Sinai covenant-making tradition.

 

Seemingly, the ‘Christological pro nobis’ set out in Romans 10:5-11 (cf. Deuteronomy 30:11-14) extends to Christ’s curse-bearing death in Romans 15:6-8 (cf. Deuteronomy 27:26; 21:23). As a result, the Gentiles, who we have already ascertained are in view in Paul’s rewriting of Israel’s covenant-renewal texts, are also in view in this climactic constitution of a holy people beyond the curses of the covenant. Christ’s death means both that the Spirit makes children for Abraham and that, beyond the curse of exile, this community might be established as God’s holy people. In Paul’s understanding, it is the gift of the eschatological Spirit which makes this possible: at the same time as making children for Abraham, the Spirit consecrates the Gentiles. They are both made children (8:14) and made holy (15:16) as a result of the promise. As a consequence, the community is exhorted to glorify God with one voice as the fulfilment of Christ’s confirmation of the promises to the fathers. (Sarah Whittle, Covenant Renewal and the Consecration of the Gentiles in Romans [Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series 161; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015], 152-55)