Friday, May 27, 2022

Excerpts from The Oxford Bible Commentary (2001)

The following are excerpts from:

 

The Oxford Bible Commentary, ed. John Barton and John Muddiman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)

 

[Gen] 1:2 refers to the situation before God’s creative action began. There is no question here of a creatio ex nihilo, a ‘creation out of nothing’. The earth (hā’āreṣ) already existed but it was a ‘formless void’ (tôhû wābōhû)—not a kind of non-existence but something empty and formless, without light and covered by the water of the deep (tēhôm). (R. N. Whybray, “Genesis,” 42-43—notice how “ex nihilo” has to be reinterpreted to mean not “from nothing” but “something empty and formless” which still existed before “creation”)

 

Even the Bible has to recognize the existence of other powers; the uniqueness of its demand is that even so only one of them is worthy of Israel’s worship, the one ‘who brought you . . . out of the house of slavery’; who is ‘a jealous God’—better, perhaps, ‘passionate’, ‘watchful of my rights’. The issue of one of YHWH’s honour as the protector and saviour of his people. The harshness of the threat in 5b-6 (see also 34:7) has to be evaluated in the light of a far stronger community feeling than is normal with us. The worship of a god could not be an individual matter: the whole extended family shared in the sin—and therefore in the punishment. But contrast Ezek 18. (Walter Houston, “Exodus,” 81)

 

Psalm 82 Jewish tradition, seen in the Targum and reflected in Jn 10;34-6, interpreted this psalm as the condemnation of the human rulers of Israel, similar to Isa 3:13-15, but v. 7 makes no sense on this interpretation and it is almost universally accepted today that the picture is of YHWH’s heavenly court (cf. 1 Kings 22:19-22; Job 1:6-12; 2:1-7), similar to the pantheons of the other nations with YHWH presiding as Marduk or El did. The gods were apparently charged with maintaining justice in their client kingdoms, but they have shown partiality to the wicked and have not defended those who are exposed to oppression, orphans and the poor. vv.2-4, 6-7 set out YHWH’s judgement. His sentence is that the gods will die like human beings. V. 5 may refer either to the wicked or the gods. The verse stands out within the divine judgement, and some have suggested that the psalm is in chiastic form:

 

1

2

3-4

5

6

7

8

 

The psalm ends with a prayer that YHWH will undertake universal rule and bring in universal righteousness. This has suggested to some that rather than a prophetic oracle or vision the psalm is really a lament, but it is possible to regard the verse as an exclamation, as in Isa 21:5 and Mic 4:13. (C. S. Rodd, “Psalms,” 389)

 

(56:6-8) Attention now turns to the status of foreigners. Down to the exile Israel and Judah had been nation-states among other like states, but in the later period their descendants were essentially a religious community, bound by the laws of membership of that community. What was to be the attitude to those from outside? The literature of Second Temple Judaism offers the whole spectrum of answers to that question; here is one of the most open and affirmative responses. It is possible for foreigners to be the ‘servants’ of YHWH, an important acknowledgement in view of the status of the servant set out in earlier chapters. They must of course keep the sabbath, but they are thereby rendered able to maintain the covenant. In these circumstances they can bring offerings for sacrifice in the same way as native-born Israelites. The passage reaches a climax wit the promise of the availability of the temple to those from any nation/ Quotation of this passage is of course attributed to Jesus in his dispute with the temple authorities of his time (Mk 11:17). The bringing in of foreigners is pictured as being on a par with the restoration of exiled Israelites. . . . . (66:18-21) Another prose passage but this time of a very different temper. If v. 17 stressed what seems to us a negative viewpoint, here the positive attitude to foreigners found in ch. 56 is taken further. Though the reference to the coastlands is characteristic (cf. 11:11), the actual list of foreign places in v. 19 is unexpected, owing more to Ezek 27 than to anything in Isaiah . . . Still more astonishing is the thought, underlined as being a divine oracle, that some of these foreigners might be enrolled as priests and Levites . . . (R. Coggins, “Isaiah,” 479, 484)

 

Cf.:

 

[re. Rom 15:14-33] Several aspects of Paul’s self-description merit attention. The use of sacerdotal imagery to describe his ministry (‘priestly service . . . the offering of the Gentiles’) is telling. Paul’s language appears to echo Isa 66:18-23, a prophetic description of the eschatological incorporation of Gentiles into Israel (see also Isa 2:1-4; 42:1-9; 49; 55:4-5; 60:1-7). (Craig C. Hill, “Romans,” 1106)

 

(9:11-12) National Restoration Judgement now unequivocally yields to salvation. When 'on that day' last occurred (8:14; cf. 2:16; 8:3), the sinful young people had 'fallen', never to 'rise'. Here, YHWH himself 'raises' the 'fallen', reversing 5:2; 8:14. Hence, the mysterious 'booth of David' matches 'maiden Israel'; both represent the nation, Perhaps restoration of the united kingdom is suggested (2 Sam 8; cf. Hos 1:11; 3:5). 'Booth' may continue the harvest motif, referring to temporary shelters at harvest-time (Isa 1:8; cf. Jon 4:5); but a military context is also possible (2 Sam 11:11; 1 Kings 20:12). 'Breaches' (cf. 4:3), 'ruins' and 'rebuild' suggest reconstruction of a city. 'Rebuild' is the same as 'build' in 9:6; YHWH constructs places for himself on earth as in heaven. (Jennifer M. Dines, “Amos,” 589)

 

[11:17-20] The pre-existence of matter is probably allowed in 17 . . . for divine power is being asserted, yet words like ‘did not make them out of things that existed’ (2 Macc 7:28) are not used; these words too could be reconciled with pre-existence for in Greek thought non-existence tended to signify lack of definite character rather than utter nullity . . . (William Horbury, “The Wisdom of Solomon,” 662)

 

[2 Macc 7:28] Later Christian writers, such as Origen (On First Principles, 2.1.5) and the Latin translator of 2 Maccabees, interpreted the phrase at v. 28 to mean that God created out of nothing, but the text states that God did not make them from what already existed as properly formed, vv. 30-8 . . . (R. Doran, “2 Maccabees,” 742)

 

That the gates of Hades will not prevail against the church is not an allusion to Jesus’ death and resurrection, nor to the general resurrection, nor to Christ’s descent into hell (a thing otherwise unattested in this gospel). The most plausible interpretation is that the gates of Hades are the ungodly powers of the underworld who will assail the church in the latter days: the church will emerge triumphant from the eschatological assaults of evil. In the background is the end-time scenario of powers which, unleashed from below, rage against the saints (cf. 1 Enoch 56:8; Rev 11:7; 17:8). One may compare Rev 9:1-11, where the demonic hosts under their king, Abaddon, come up from the bottomless pit to torment humanity. They prevail against all except those with the seal of God.

 

In v. 19 Peter is given the keys of the kingdom, which is explicated t mean that he has the authority to bind and loose (cf. 18:18). This is not a statement about exorcism or the forgiveness of sins (cf. Jn 20;23). Rathe, Peter as a sort of supreme rabbi of the kingdom, is given teaching authority. His decisions stand. (Dale C. Allison, Jr., “Matthew,” 865)

 

‘God is spirit’ has nothing to do wit the Enlightenment description of the nature of God, but underlines that God will give his Spirit through his Messiah. The new cult revealed by Jesus will supplant Jewish and Samaritan worship, as much as it replaces Jewish purification rites (1:33; 2:6-11; 3:25-30) and the temple cult in Jerusalem (2:13-22). (René Kieffer, “John,” 968)

 

[Acts 2:38] Baptism is now ‘in the name of Jesus Christ’, and will be followed (or accompanied) by the gift of the Holy Spirit. This is the ‘promise’ that has dominated Peter’s speech. It is not restricted to an apostolic élite: it is as universal as the need for repentance (v. 39). (Loveday Alexander, “Acts,” 1032)

 

The next section of the chapter (vv. 29-34) contains miscellaneous arguments which indicate the significance of belief in life beyond death. The reference to baptism ‘on behalf of the dead’ (v. 29) has been the subject of multiple interpretations (some of which construe the Greek quite differently). It probably refers to a rite in which a few Corinthian believers underwent a vicarious baptism in the place of those (believers?) who had died either unbaptized or ‘improperly’ baptized. 1:12-17 suggests that some Corinthians regarded baptism by certain figures as of great significance, and they may have wished to make up for a ‘lack’ in the case of those who were baptized by different leaders or in a different way. Paul does not condemn such a practice, and he is willing to use it to show that the Corinthians themselves entertain hopes for an existence beyond death. (John Barclay, “1 Corinthians,” 1131)

 

In [3:]26 and in the grand finale to this section in v. 29 Paul brings discussion of who are true ‘children of Abraham’ back onto the agenda (cf. 3:16-19). In v. 26 those who are ‘in Christ Jesus’ are God’s children, while in v. 29 those who ‘belong to Christ’ are Abraham’s offspring: the expressions are synonymous. By now the listener will be well aware that one’s standing before God is not grounded on law observance, but on faith. vv. 27-28 interrupts the argument of vv. 26 and 29 with a reference to baptism. Some of the phrases in these verses are found elsewhere in early Christian writings (see especially 1 Cor 12;13; Col 3:11): only the first pairing in v. 28, ‘Jew or Greek’, is relevant to the immediate context. Hence several scholars conclude that Paul is here citing an early baptismal liturgy. The person who is about to be baptized removes clothing, symbolising the old order, and in baptism is ‘clothed with Christ’ (v. 27). In baptism all the social distinctions that lay at the heart of the society of the day are abolished. ‘Religious, social, and sexual pairs of opposites are not replaced by equality but rather a newly created unity in Christ Jesus. (G. N. Stanton, “Galatians,” 1160)

 

The decisive moment for individuals was baptism, here described as the water of rebirth and renewal; the moment when ‘he saved us’. Justification by grace, a truly Pauline idea, is not explained, but like ‘saved’ in v. 5, the emphasis is on a past event, enabling believers to become ‘heirs according to the hope of eternal life’. The process of salvation is not yet complete, but believers can feel certain of their part in it. Paul’s understanding of justification is complex, but contrasts faith as the central element of salvation with works of the law. The Pastoral Epistles’ emphasis, on the other hand, is on the close relationship between belief in sound doctrine and the good works which follow. The two ideas are not opposed to one another, but are distinctly different. (Clare Drury, “The Pastoral Epistles,” 1233)

 

(22:18-19) Warning to Preserve the Book’s Integrity Ancient books were often subject to revision, abbreviation, and expansion by scribes and editors, and the textual history of non-canonical Jewish and Christian apocalypses shows that such works were especially liable to be modified in such ways. But these verses also allude to Deut 4:1-2; 12:32, where the danger is of false prophets who maintain that idolatry is acceptable, thus both adding to God’s law a permission it does not give and at the same time effectively removing the law’s prohibitions of idolatry. It is clear from the seven messages to the churches both that compromise with idolatry is one of the dangers John’s prophecy aims to counter, and that there are false prophets and their followers in the churches with whom John’s prophecy would be highly unpopular for this reason. It is at this level of seriousness that we can understand the severe warnings against tampering with the integrity of the book (22;6). In their use of ‘add’ and ‘take away’ for both crime and punishment, they are examples of eschatological lex talionis . . .  (Richard Bauckham, “Revelation,” 1306)