Monday, May 30, 2022

Joseph Ysebaert on Instances of ברא Denoting Re-creation and not Creation Out of Nothing (Ex Nihilo)

  

New creation of man.—For the terminology of re-creation, we must base our observations on the manner in which the Old Testament speaks of God’s creative activity in general. The Hebrew technical term for ‘to create’ is br’, properly ‘to cut’, but one finds in the same sense qnh, properly ‘to acquire’, yṣr, properly ‘to shape’ like a potter, and the general ‘śh ‘to make’’. The Septuagint translates by κτιζειν, πλασσειν, and ποιειν.

 

It may be remarked that br’ indicates God’s creative activity in a wider sense, including the creation of human life in the womb and God’s abiding concern with His creation. This activity may closely approach the concept of re-creation. One can, for example, speak of a renewed people as a newly created people: λαος ο κτιζομενος (br’) αινεσει τον κυριον Ps. 101.19. A similar idea is expressed with the words: εξαποστελεις το πνευμα σου, και κτισθησονται (br’), και ανακαινιεις (ḥdš) το προσωπον της γης ib. 103.30. Here we approach a use of the compound ανακτιζειν for re-creation as a counterpart of ανακαινιζειν in the second half-line. The same is true of κτιζειν alongside εγκαινιζειν in another passage, in which the new creation refers to man’s inner renewal: καρδιαν καθαραν κτιζον (br’) εν εμοι, ο θεος, καν πνευμα ευθες εγκαινισον (ḥδš) εν τοις εγκατοις μου ib. 50.12,cf. Jub 1.21 ff. It is remarkable that we have here ανακτισον preserved as Aquila’s translation, Ps. 50.12 Aq. This compound is rare in the profane language and where it does occur it means 'to re’'. It is absent in the Septuagint and in the New Testament but is found for re-creation in the Apostolic Fathers . . . . In other texts, of which only the first quoted may go back as early as the third century, we find br’, sometimes śh, in the expression br’ (‘śh) bryh ḥdšh, ‘to create (make) a new creature (creation)’. The expression is applied to atonement and forgiveness of sins. The Talmud Yerushalmi states: ‘As soon as, on the Day of the New Year, you shall be assembled before Me for judgment and (on the Day of Atonement)shall go out in peace, I shall ascribe this to you as though (k’ylw) you have been created (br’) as a new creature (kbryh ḥdšh)’ Midr. Ps. 18.6 (R. Simon c. 320). ‘At the Day of Atonement I shall cleanse you and (create) you as) a new creation (bryyh ḥdšh)’ Lev. Rabbah 30.3 (R. Isaac c. 320).

 

The expression is also applied to the change by which God made Moses more eloquent: ‘I will lcreate (br’) thee (as) a new creature (bryh ḥdšh), as it is said: And the woman conceived (hryh) and bears (yld)’ Tanhuma Ex. 21.8 (on 4.10) (R. Juda b. Simon c. 370), and to the change brought about by God in Abraham through circumcision or by changing his name: ‘After I have created (br’) them (as) a new creature (byryh ḥdšh)’ Gen. Rabbah 39.11 (R. Berekiah c. 420).

 

In eschatological contexts the expression is applied to the late concept that the Messiah after a time of suffering in obscurity will be re-established by God: ‘At that time I shall create (br’) him (as) a new creature (<bryh> ḥdšh)’ Pesikta Rabbati 31, cf. Midr. Ps. 2.9, and to resurrection ‘(Yahweh) will create (br’) the righteous (as) a new creation (bryh ḥdšh)’ Tanhuma Gen. 2.12 (on 8.1), but one also finds the expression applied to escape from danger: ‘The Holy One, blessed be He, created (br’) them (i.e. people in danger of death) as a new creation (kbryh ḥdšh)’ Midr. Ps. 102.3 (R. Juda b. Simon c. 370), ‘The Holy One, blessed be He, created (br’) them (i.e. people in danger of death) (as) a new creation (bryh ḥdšh)’ Lev. Rabbah 30.3, even in common speech: ‘What a danger you ran! Your mother has really born (yld) you there! What trouble you have been through! Here you have been created (br’) (as) a new creature (bryyh ḥdt’) Cant. Rabbah 8.5 (R. Berekiah c. 420). (Joseph Ysebaert, Greek Baptismal Terminology: Its Origins and Early Development [trans. M. F. Foran Hedlund; Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Dekker and Van De Vegt N.V., 1962], 122-23, 124-25)