Sunday, July 31, 2022

JST 2 Corinthians 5:19: God Is, not simply was, "in Christ"

JST 2 Cor 5:19 replaces KJV "was" with the present tense ("is") in the expression "God was in Christ." Of course, this does not entail modalism, as the context is that of God (the Father) using the (numerically distinct) person of Jesus (his sinless life, sacrifice, resurrection, ascension, continuing intercession as Great High Priest) as the instrument of redemption.


2 Cor 5:16-19:

 

KJV

1867 Inspired Version (RLDS)

Wherefore henceforth know we no man after the flesh: yea, though we have known Christ after the flesh, yet now henceforth know we him no more. Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new. And all things are of God, who hath reconciled us to himself by Jesus Christ, and hath given to us the ministry of reconciliation; To wit, that God was in Christ, reconciling the world unto himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them; and hath committed unto us the word of reconciliation

Wherefore, henceforth live we no more after the flesh; yea, though we once lived after the flesh, yet since we have known Christ, now henceforth live we no more after the flesh. Therefore if any man live in Christ, he is a new creature; old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new, And receiveth all the things of God, who hath reconciled us to himself by Jesus Christ, and hath given to us the ministry of reconciliation; To wit, that God is in Christ, reconciling the world unto himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them; and hath committed unto us the word of reconciliation.

 

NT Manuscript, Folio 4, p. 130:

 



 

=16th Wherefore, henceforth live we no more after the flesh, yea, though we once lived after the flesh, yet since we have known <christ,> now henceforth live we no no more after the flesh. =17th        Therefore if any man live in christ =18th    \ And receiveth all the things =19th is

 


Note the similar language of D&C 50:43, another text that refutes Modalism:


And the Father and I are one. I am in the Father and the Father in me; and inasmuch as ye have received me, ye are in me and I in you.



JST Ephesians 2:8 Strengthening the Claim that "The Gift of God" is the Source of Our Salvation, not "of yourselves"

 

Eph 2:8:

 

KJV

1867 Inspired Version (RLDS)

For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God;

For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves; but it is the gift of God;

 

NT Manuscript 2, Folio 4, p. 132

 


 

verse 8th              but

 

JST 1 Corinthians 16:24 and 2 Corinthians 13:12: Change of [Holy] “Kiss” to “Salutation”


1 Cor 16:20:

 

KJV

1867 Inspired Version (RLDS)

All the brethren greet you. Greet ye one another with an holy kiss.

All the brethren greet you. Greet ye one another with a holy salutation.

 

NT Manuscript 2, Folio 4, p. 130:

 



 

=20                 Salutation

 

 

2 Cor 13:12:

 

KJV

1867 Inspired Version (RLDS)

Greet one another with an holy kiss.

Greet one another with a holy salutation.

 

NT Manuscript 2, Folio 4, p. 131:

 



 

verse 12th        Salutation

 

 

Prophecies of William A. Draves in Messages 45 and 86 of "The Word of the Lord Brought to Mankind by an Angel"

The following are two prophecies from William A. Draves that he received from “The Messenger” (John the Baptist) concerning (1) World War 2 and (2) social-cultural events of the late-1980s (e.g., communism). I am reproducing them here as I hope to interact with various prophecies like these in the near future and compare/contrast them (e.g., their accuracy; prophetic horizon, etc) with D&C 87 and other prophecies one finds on the revelations and other writings and sermons of Joseph Smith:


[1] William A. Draves, Message 45, September 8, 1939, in The Word of the Lord Brought to Mankind by an Angel (Independence, Missouri: The Church of Christ with the Elijah Message The Assured Way of the Lord, Inc., 2020), 79-84 (note: Nazi Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939; England declared war on Germany on September 3):

 

1 On September 8th, 1939, the Messenger of the Lord, John the Baptist, appeared in my room at 2:15 a.m. He sat on my bed and awoke me. The room was lighter than day. I sat up in bed. He said he had come to give instructions and to make known things soon to take place and now in action.

2 For a short time we conversed as two men on many subjects and he gave me some personal advice. One thing he said was, famine and conditions would come that would cause many to go hungry. Let the Church and the people know that they must supply themselves with foods and place in store that they might not suffer in the day to come.

3 He bade me come with him and he would show me the scene of disaster. He held out his hand. I took hold of it. I seemed to forget all around me except to know we were floating eastward in midair.

4 We traveled, it seemed, for about half an hour, perhaps longer. We came to where there were large hills or mountainous country. Here we sat down on a large flat rock on the top of a high mountain. I could very plainly see the territories of various European nations; their mountains, rivers, lakes, and plains. Large fields of growing grain were clearly visible. They were farmsteads surrounded by neatly arranged gardens, shrubbery and orchards. I could see cities and hamlets far and near. Most of them presented a well kept and modern appearance, with paved and well lighted streets. In the great cities were numerous large buildings of beautiful architectural design.

5 To the northeast, I could see Russia, to the east, Asia. To the southeast Palestine showed up plainly with its green fields, and factories in a prosperous condition. To the south was Italy and the Mediterranean Sea. It took me some time to view these many lands. My attention was attracted almost at once by the great noise and sound of battle. To the north and east were horrible scenes enacted.

6 I saw Germany fighting brutally on Polish soil to take a spoil. I saw the smaller nations struggle, most of them to lose, but from the distance came armies with many different colors, some with red coats and some with blue, and fell upon the enemies, and great was the slaughter thereof. I saw France press over upon German soil. I saw Russia press southward and great was the spoil thereof. I saw that many nations became involved in the war. I saw cities in great confusion, dark with the blackness of wailing and mourning.

7 Armies of men were in battle array. A great battle was going on. The noise of cannonading and bursting of shells was terrific, like thunder in the heavens. There were clouds of black smoke rising, rolling high in the sky. Men could be seen firing automatic rifles and there were many great machines of war. There were two scenes of battle. The one farthest to the northeast was the most terrible and the fighting most brutal. A river divided the opposing armies on the greater part of the battlefront in the nearer scene.

8 As we sat there looking to the north and east I saw the most horrible scenes and woeful catastrophes of all sorts. I saw a man that stood himself high in the midst of a hardened and driven people. Their faces looked cold, some dark with fear and horror. They faced him on all sides. They feared him. They trembled at his word.

9 The Messenger said, “See what the might of man has done. The ruin of many nations.”

10 The scene was so terrible it would sicken anyone to look upon it. I saw that this man had caused war and it became worse and worse. Many changes seemed to take place. The thousands of people I saw seemed worried; all eyes and minds were focused on the disaster to come. The attention of the world was being turned toward the man of war. The war evil lurked in every nation around the man who stood himself high.

11 I saw great armies come out in mighty battle firing at the enemies in gray. Thousands upon thousands met death yet the conflict became worse. Nations from afar rose up to press the man of war and great ships ploughed the seas laden with supplies bringing deadly woe to millions. Women and children crying, screaming in fear, ran in every direction. The scene became terrible, a horrible disaster; the shameful result of man’s selfishness through the hardness of heart of one man. He called a few men around him and gave them counsel and sent them out to counsel many, only to make the picture more black with the horrible smoke of war.

12 Ambassadors came from far, crying peace, but no peace was considered. Many nations plead for peace but those involved gave no thought of peace. There continued to be bloodshed in the streets and on the fields of war.

13 The Messenger said, “See what the sin of man has done. Broken homes, ruined nations, and many souls taken to the beyonds, not knowing the will of God nor what the end will be. This shall leave an impression upon many people bringing lasting desire to see justice wrought and it shall linger on in the hearts of men to find their God.”

14 Great Britain and France were together and had long tried to keep peace, but there was no peace, as all plans for peace were ignored. Fighting continued.

15 I looked to the east and in the sky, in the shape of a rainbow, appeared these words, “THE END OF SEVEN YEARS.”

16 As we turned to look toward the south, the scene was terrible. As the man that sat upon the throne in the well lighted city of Italy saw the greatness of the war, he sent out messages purporting to make peace, but to no avail. Then he started war. This war involved all nations . Then was the time when nations became divided and would not obey the counsel coming from the man in Italy. The smoke became blacker and blacker as it rose higher and higher in the sky as the thundering artillery continued its firing. It seemed the earth did quake and tremble because of the terrible battle that had been raging for some time. The smell of the deadly powders and dead bodies was awful. The scene was sickening to the world. People as far off as we could see staggered from the tales of woe and horror that reached their ears . Blood and water flowed from the battlefields until the streams and rivers became colored with the filth and blood. The fish in the streams died and washed in large heaps along the edges and on small sandbars, only to fill the air with greater stench. Norway and Sweden took little part at first. I saw the American flag among others that came to the great battle. I looked and saw America all in turmoil and distress, with fighting and bloodshed among themselves. For a time it was horrible but I saw it change and I knew it would not last long with such terrible distress. I thought that many were fighting to keep from entering the war abroad and across the sea.

17 I saw that many of the home-loving German people had turned against the Nazi government which in their hearts they had never endorsed.

18 While we saw no more of the man who stood himself high, other great men of evil caused the war to continue. The cause seemingly came from Rome.

19 Millions and millions of homes were broken, torn, with fatherless children crying at their mothers’ sides, many with neither father nor mother, starving and in rags.

20 I saw many kneeling in prayer and thousands uttering prayer to God as they struggled on their forced way. I looked in the distance and only a few were left at peace with their fellow men.

21 Again I saw America, this time in a better condition. Great peace was ruling and commerce was at kindly terms within her borders.

22 From the broken fragments of torn homes, near and far, rose up those that looked to the United States of America and made haste to flee to be within her peaceful borders.

23 A voice rang out that filled the heavens, “Where is he that rules?” Then as the world did quake and tremble, many of those left alive turned their faces toward America.

24 “We must have peace,” declared many nations. An army with shiny metal helmets and belongings came from the north and west and pressed in the battle to bring a change in the scene. The conflict lessened, the sky cleared of its smoke, and revealed the most horrible heart-rending scene that eyes could ever behold. Many thought the struggle was over.

25 As we looked to the east again I saw those words in the sky in the shape of a bow across the heavens, “THE END OF SEVEN YEARS.” This time as I looked the letters were red as blood, seeming almost to drip drops of blood.

26 I became very sad and sick with grieving for the people. I wept. The Messenger said, “Those that fear the Lord and do His will, shall have eternal life with Him.” He was still holding my hand and he said, “Blessed are the feet of them that seek to establish peace. Many shall come, looking for peace. Let the kingdom and Church of Christ be adorned in her righteous garments.”

27 Shortly the great war began to rage again, this time more cruelly and brutally than before.

28 A great army came from the north and east passing through what was German soil, going toward France. They met no resistance until they came to the Rhine River. Here they paused; great fortifications were before them and strong armies ready to give battle. After some firing on each side, they swerved and went south toward Italy. This region became the center of the great conflict.

29 We were carried to the field of battle and amidst the thunder of war and the cries of the people, I looked upon the saddest scene that could ever befall the human race. As I saw the men fall by the thousands and death came to the millions, the destruction did not lessen.

30 Then we came near the seashore on the west of France. Here I was lifted so I could see far out over the great deep waters that divided America from that land. Great ships ploughed the deep and many met disaster on the way. Being fired upon by the enemy, they began to unload their cargoes and the people fell into the water and thousands met death. Some clung to pieces of wreckage upon the water and rescue ships came in view to help, but again disaster came to them who came to help and their woe was doubled. Many ships burned. The crying was heart-rending, ringing out in space, only to add to the noise and thunder of the cause of death in war.

31 Italy was overrun and devastated. Strong were the invading armies. The defenders were weakened by long bloody battles. Siege was laid on the great city of Rome. She resisted mightily. Suddenly she gave way. She was taken and burned and great was the burning thereof.

32 The Messenger said, “And the sea shall give up her dead, hell and the grave shall give up their dead, and on that morn of the resurrection of the Lord’s, there shall be no more scenes like this.”

33 We were carried again to the place on the top of the high mountain. I saw that Germany was no more. She had become divided, part of her going to America and part joining with the armies of the man at Rome. Great Britain was also broken up never again to be united as an empire. Many sad hearts of the broken fragments joined with the people on American soil, becoming one nation in purpose, peaceful and full of justice, equality, and love. They were of all colors and kinds but all acted alike. Many of the Scandinavians came to the United States of America. Everyone called America “The Standard Nation” because she had a righteous standard.

34 Then we looked to the east over Palestine and the Messenger said, “The Lord shall set His feet on the mount and a nation shall be born in a day. The Jews shall learn of their Lord.” At this I saw them a peaceful people and wealthy in goods and homes . Their fields were green and many factories were busy, with smoke ascending and the noise of industry ringing out.

35 From the north and west of Palestine came a large army and after they came on the scene, armies from the north and east came with haste to take a spoil. Then many eyes were turned to Jerusalem and a cry rang out, “Let us go to battle to Jerusalem for they have the wealth of the world.” They camped near and the Jews came out to protect their rights. The battle was on, the scenes became so horrible that I grew very sick in body and faint from grief as we sat there and looked upon the things taking place in that awful battle.

36 The lands in the north, east, and south had been spoiled by the wars and all the fields that once were beautiful were now a rugged waste. What a shame! What a pity! All the result of sin.

37 The Messenger said, “Look,” and I turned with him to look to the west and saw America, seemingly raised up, so I could see the whole continent lifted out of the great waters. I saw people gathered to worship the Lord. I saw peaceful fields, quiet homes, happy faces and smiling mothers. The men were solemn and kind to each other as they worked building the waste places and planning government. Discipline was in effect everywhere. Justice, equality, and righteousness was the desire of every heart. I saw that one had risen up, a noted man in righteousness, and had turned ungodliness away from the people of the Lord and sin was no more among them.

38 The Messenger said, “The work of a seer has been done. He has come from the election of the Lord.”

39 I saw the Temple in the distance and we floated gently toward it. As we neared, I read these words over the door, “THE TEMPLE OF THE LORD.”

40 I saw that millions had met death and few remained when the indignation had passed over. Only one sixth of the men were left.

41 I seemed well acquainted with the Messenger and did not fear him. I listened to every word he spoke. He said, “By the elect shall the cause be done.” I knew he meant the preparing of a nation in righteousness.

42 We stopped at the door of the Temple and it seemed I was lifted so I could see in every direction and many saints were marching toward the Temple, while hosts were coming from the seashores. Their eyes were focused on the Temple and the cloud that rested upon it. I looked until the people approached the Temple grounds then the Messenger took me home. I was tired, worn and weary.

43 The vision closed and I was still sitting up in bed. The Messenger said, “Be at peace, be comforted, let the Church continue on, that the standard might be raised. I will come again as the Lord will direct.” He left at 5:05 a.m.

44 To all those who read these lines, I want to say that they do not, nor can they portray half of the horrible and bitter scenes as they really were. Such scenes of sadness, suffering and disaster should quiet the step of any Godfearing soul. Woe upon woe, weeping, suffering and death was the essence of the situation. May God protect us.

 

[2] William A. Draves, Message 86:14-20, July 31, 1968, in The Word of the Lord Brought to Mankind by an Angel (Independence, Missouri: The Church of Christ with the Elijah Message The Assured Way of the Lord, Inc., 2020), 165

 

14 A peaceful solution and condition for the colored people will be underway by 1980.

15 The great powers, not of God’s will, will find their failing and end. This will consummate in 1989.

16 Merchants will weep and howl because their future of craft making and merchandising to get gain will be wounded and broken.

17 There will be a better way and some will join in the peace for peace to be set up.

18 Warring powers will continue to conspire and a day of decision will come when Armageddon will begin in the nineties (90’s) and when it ends—few men left in battle alive. But God will appear to the delivering of the righteous and as Christ places His feet on earth—there shall be a great trembling; terrible and dreadful for the wicked, but great relief and deliverance for the righteous. Then the saints of God shall know the days of trouble are over.

19 The binding of satan will be as a reign of peace shape into place.

20 Unless the servants of the Lord arise and be no more oppressed—arise to their place and calling; cease their error of negligence and hindrances turn away from, their choice and work will come to nothingness. The Lord will call others to work and carry this work onward.

 

Further Reading:


Resources on Joseph Smith's Prophecies


 

Explication of a Premillennial Understanding of the Chronology of the Resurrection in JST Philippians 3:11 and Hebrews 11:35

In the following verses, the JST explicates a premillennial understanding of the resurrection of the just and the rest of the dead to be chronologically distinct:

  

Phil 3:11:

 

KJV

1867 Inspired Version (RLDS)

If by any means I might attain unto the resurrection of the dead.

If by any means I might attain unto the resurrection of the just.

 

NT Manuscript, Folio 4, p. 134:

 


 

=11th                just

 

 

Heb 11:35:

 

KJV

1867 Inspired Version (RLDS)

Women received their dead raised to life again: and others were tortured, not accepting deliverance; that they might obtain a better resurrection:

Women received their dead raised to life again; and others were tortured, not accepting deliverance; that they might obtain the first resurrection;

 

 

NT Manuscript, Folio 4, p. 141:

 


 

=35th            the first

 

Saturday, July 30, 2022

JST 1 Peter 3:18-20 and 4:6

 

1 Pet 3:18-20:

 

KJV

NT Manuscript, Folio 4, p. 144:

18 For Christ also hath once suffered for sins, the just for the unjust, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh, but quickened by the Spirit:

19 By which also he went and preached unto the spirits in prison;

20 Which sometime were disobedient, when once the longsuffering of God waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was a preparing, wherein few, that is, eight souls were saved by water.

18th For christ also once suffered for Sins, the just for the unjust, being put to death in the flesh, but quick-ed by the spirit, that he might bring us to God.

=19th For which cause also, he went and preached unto the spirits in prison;

=20th   Some of whom were disobedient in the days of Noah, while the long suffering of God waited, while the ark was preparing; wherein few, that is, eight souls were saved by watter.

 



 

1 Pet 4:6:

 

KJV

NT Manuscript, Folio 4, p. 144-45:

For for this cause was the gospel preached also to them that are dead, that they might be judged according to men in the flesh, but live according to God in the spirit.

=6th For, because of this is the gospel preached to them  who are dead, that they might be judged according to men in the flesh, but live according in the spirit according to <the will> God

 




 


JST 1 John 4:12: No Man Can See God "Except Them Who Believe"

  

KJV

1867 Inspired Translation (RLDS)

No man hath seen God at any time. If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us.

No man hath seen God at any time, except them who believe. If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us.

 

NT Manuscript 2, Folio 4, p. 148:

 



 

Verse 12th            except them who beleive

 

JST 2 Peter 2:20: No Prophecy Originating From the Private Will of Man

 2 Pet 1:20:

 

KJV

NT Manuscript, Folio 4, p. 145

Knowing this first, that no prophecy of the scripture is of any private interpretation.

=20th Knowing this that first, that no prophecy of the schriptures is of given given of any privite will of man.

 





 

JST James 2:19 vs. the Vindication Understanding of James 2

 Jas 2:19:

 

KJV

NT Manuscript, Folio 4, p. 142

Thou believest that there is one God; thou doest well: the devils also believe, and tremble.

Thou beleivest there is one God, thou doest well, the Devils also beleive and tremble, thou hast made thyself like unto them, not being justified.

 


The JST adds "being justified." It does not make sense if "justified" is that of "vindication," further showing that LDS theology is antithetical to the (nonsense) "vindication" understanding of James chapter 2. For more, see, for e.g.

Eisegeting James: Why the Book of James Doesn't Support Protestant "Demonstration/Vindication" Arguments


 

Hebrews 6:4-6 in the KJV and JST Manuscript 2

  

KJV

NT Manuscript 2, Folio 4, p. 139

For it is impossible for those who were once enlightened, and have tasted of the heavenly gift, and were made partakers of the Holy Ghost, And have tasted the good word of God, and the powers of the world to come, If they shall fall away, to renew them again unto repentance; seeing they crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh, and put him to an open shame.

For he hath made it impossible for those who were once enlightened, & have tasted of the heavenly gift, & were made partakers of the holy Ghost, and have tasted the good word of God, & the powers of the world to come[;]<,> if they shall fall away, to be renewed again unto repentance; seeing they crucify unto themselves the son of God afresh, and put him to an open shame.

 




 

An Early (April 1862) Example of a (Possibly Apocryphal) Prophecy Being Attributed to Joseph Smith

Brigham Young Office Journal, April 23 1862, CR 1234 1, Church History Library (scribe: George D. Sims):

 



 

Br Thomas B. Marsh called upon the President in relation to the subject of Baptism for the dead. The Pres. remarked [that] the time will come when we shall build Temples and do a work for the dead, among other things, and the devil will not have power to afflict us. Br. Marsh said in a meeting of the High priest Quorum it was remarked by some of them that Jesus Christ was the first born, Joseph Smith the second, and Brigham Young the third. Br. Marsh said that Joseph Smith once prophecied that before he died (Br Marsh died) he [Smith] should go on a mission to Italy, and astonish the King of Italy with his knowledge of Astronomy and the King should allow him to teach that science to his people. The President did not remember any thing of that prophecy.

 

Transcription taken from

 

George D. Smith, Brigham Young, Colonizer of the American West: Diaries and Office Journals, 1832-1871, 2 vols. (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2021), 2:386-87

Extract from Brigham Young Office Journal, November 30, 1860: Joseph Smith's Prophecies and Prediction Downfall of Stephen A. Douglas

Brigham Young Office Journal, November 30, 1860, CR 1234 1, Church History Library (scribe: George D. Sims):

 





The President observed [that] it is not remarkable that the [US] Government sh[oul]d follow us with a mob[?] still; it is damnable of them. They came here but could not harm us. They grumbled at us burning up their wagons. What the Devil was their wagons here for[?] Perhaps they did not think of it, but we could have whipped all before us even in Missouri if we our retreat had been as good as it was here. The President continued his remarks, and gave an account of the mobbings and drivings this people had received from the United States. He then quoted the prophecy of Joseph Smith, against the United States, and remarked [that] his prophecies are now, in part, being fulfilled. He then spoke of the downfall of Senator Steven A. Douglas.

 

Transcription taken from:

 

George D. Smith, Brigham Young, Colonizer of the American West: Diaries and Office Journals, 1832-1871, 2 vols. (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2021), 2:234

JST Colossians 2:2 Strengthening the Distinction between the Persons of Jesus and the Father

  

KJV

1867 Inspired Translation (RLDS)

That their hearts might be comforted, being knit together in love, and unto all riches of the full assurance of understanding, to the acknowledgement of the mystery of God, and of the Father, and of Christ;

That their hearts might be comforted, being knit together in love, and unto all riches of the full assurance of understanding, to the acknowledgment of the mystery of God and of Christ, who is of God, even the Father;

 

NT Manuscript 2, Folio 4, p. 134:

 



 

of christ, who is of the father even God, even the Father[s]<;>

 

According to "Time Sequence of the New Translation" in Joseph Smith's Translation of the Bible: Electronic Library, NT MS 2 of John 5:20 to Rev 11:4 was produced between February 16 and 25 March 1832.

Wednesday, July 27, 2022

John Day on צֶלֶם (“image”) in Genesis 1:27 as Physical Likeness

  

First, it should be noted that the word used for image, Hebrew ṣelem, is regularly employed elsewhere in the Old Testament to denote the physical representation of something, most frequently images of pagan gods (Nom. 33.52; 2 Kgs 11.18; 2 Chron. 23.17; Ezek. 7.20; 16.17; Amos 5.26). The only other examples are images of the Chaldaeans (Ezek. 23.14) and of tumours and mice (1 Sam. 6.5 [x2]; 6.11). Further, the biblical Aramaic cognate elēm, ṣalmā’ is used eleven times in Dan. 3.1-8 of the statue of a pagan god that the people are commanded to worship by Nebuchadrezzar, and the same Aramaic word occurs several times in Dan. 2.31-35 of the statue symbolizing the four world empires in Nebuchadrezzar’s dream. It may seem surprising that a word which is used overwhelmingly of pagan images should be employed in Genesis of humanity’s high dignity. However, the fact that its meaning was not confined to idols but could refer to an image generally, meant that it was acceptable.

 

The word ‘likeness’ (Hebrew demût) tends to be more abstract in meaning. Sometimes it means ‘appearance, form’, though on occasion it is used in the comparison of two things. Most frequently it is used in Ezekiel’s visions, where it sometimes seems to make the comparison more approximate and less definite (e.g. Ezek. 1.5, 26; 8.2; 10.1). So some think that in Genesis it is used to make humanity’s physical resemblance to God a bit more approximate and less definite. However, there are three places in the Old Testament where the word demût is not abstract but a physical depiction of some kind; cf. 2 Kgs 16.10, ‘a model (demût) of the altar,’ 2 Chron. 4.3, ‘figures (demût) of oxen’, and Ezek. 23.15, ‘a picture (demût) of Babylonians’. (Note that in Ezek. 23.14 ṣelem, ‘image’, is likewise used of the Chaldeans [Babylonians].) Interestingly, in a bilingual Aramaic-Akkadian inscription on a ninth-century statue of Hadad-yis’i, king of Gozan, discovered at Tell Fekheriyeh in Syria, the Aramac cognates elēm and demûtā’ are both employed to render the Akkadian word ṣalmu, ‘image’, used of the statue. Ultimately, it is likely that there is no great difference between the ‘likeness’ and ‘image’ of God in Genesis, seeing that both terms are used interchangeably as noted earlier.

 

Second, very tellingly, in Gen. 5.3 we read that ‘Adam . . . became the father of a son in his likeness, after his image and named him Seth’. It will be noted that the identical terminology of Gen. 1.26-27 about humanity being made in the image and likeness of God is employed here. Moreover, just two verses before Gen. 5.3 in v. 1, we read that ‘When God created humanity, he made them in the likeness of God’. Since Seth’s likeness to Adam undoubtedly implies a physical resemblance, the natural conclusion is that there is similarly a physical likeness between God and human beings.

 

Thirdly, in addition to frequent references to Yahweh’s body parts, it ought to be noted that the Old Testament sometimes envisages God as appearing in human form (cf. Gen. 18.1-2; 32.24-25, 30). Perhaps the most well-known example is Isaiah’s famous vision in Isaiah 6, where the prophet ‘saw the Lord sitting upon a throne, high and lifted up; and his train filled the temple’. But most relevant for our present purpose is Ezek. 1.26, where the prophet states that in his vision of God he ‘saw a likeness as the appearance of a human being’. It is significant that Ezekiel was priest, not so long before the Priestly account of creation in Genesis 1 was written. Moreover, the word ‘likeness’ (Hebrew demût), which Ezekiel uses in Ezek. 1.26 (cf. 8.2), is the same word that the Priestly sources employs in Gen. 1.26 to denote humanity’s likeness to God. Ezekiel’s statement that God had ‘a likeness as the appearance of human being/man’ and Genesis’s statement that humanity was made in the likeness of God sound like the obverse and reverse of each other.

 

Fourthly, it should be noted that God says, ‘Let us make humanity in our image . . . ‘ There is general agreement amongst Old Testament scholars that God is here addressing his heavenly court, the angels, since, as ready noted, in Hebrew the verb has no royal plural, and there is no evidence for a plural of exhortation. Accordingly a point often overlooked is that humanity is made in the image of the angels, and not merely of God. Now there is good evidence that angels were envisaged as being in human form. Compare, for example, the angel Gabriel, who is described in Dan. 8.15 and 10.18 as ‘one having the appearance of a man’ and in Dan. 10.16 as ‘one in the likeness of the sons of men’. Again, in Genesis 19, those referred to as angels in v. 1 are called men in v. 5.

 

So it seems likely that human beings were thought to have a similar physical appearance to God, and that this is at least part of what the image of God in humanity includes. To the objection that men and woman do not have an identical appearance, L. Koehler (L. Koehler, ‘Die Grundstelle der Imago-Dei-Lehre’. TZ 4 [1948], pp. 16-22) argued that we could think more generally of human beings sharing upright form as what constitutes their resemblance to God. With him we may compare Ovid’s Metamorphoses 1.83-86, where Prometheus ‘moulded them into the image of all-controlling gods’ and in contrast to the animals, ‘gave human being an upturned aspect . . . and upright’. (John Day, “’So God Created Humanity In His Own Image’ (Genesis 1.27): What Does the Bible Mean and What Have People Thought it Meant?,” in From Creation to Abraham: Further Studies in Genesis 1-11 [London: T&T Clark, 2022], 30-32)

 

In a footnote to the above, we read that

 

[Similar to Ezek 1:26] Ezek. 8.2, referring to God, the prophet says he saw ‘the likeness (demût) as the appearance of a man’. It is generally accepted that the LXX preserves the original reading, ‘man’, and that the last word in the Hebrew text, ēš, ‘fire’, should be emended to ‘îš, ‘man’. The parallel description in Ezek. 1.27 confines the fire to the lower part of the divine body, which supports this emendation in Ezek. 8.2, as does the personal possessive in ‘his loins’, later in the verse. The occurrence of ‘fire’ later in Ezek. 8.2 could well have given rise to the confusion. (Ibid., 31 n. 33)

 

Further Reading:


Lynn Wilder vs. Latter-day Saint (and Biblical) Theology on Divine Embodiment