Monday, July 25, 2022

Examples of the Incomparability of God and Ontological Existence of Other Gods in Papyrus Amherst 63

 In Papyrus Amherst 63, xiii-11-17, we read:

 

Who among the Gods,
Among humankind, Yaho—
Who among the Gods,
Among king and nonking,
Who is like you, Yaho, among the Gods?
From the very beginning, Adonai, avenge
Your worshippers, the longstanding people.

 

Take note of our pursuer,
And restore my strength.

 

Beneath you, Yaho,
Beneath you, Adonai,
the host of heaven is (as plentiful) as sand.
Yaho, the host of heaven
Proclaims to us your rule.

 

Take note of our pursurer,
And restore my strength.

Let Baal from Zaphaon
Bless Yaho.
Arise, Yaho, to our rescue.
Let his ears turn
To the prayer, Lord. (Karel Van Der Toorn, Becoming Diaspora Jews: Behind the Story of Elephantine [The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library; New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019], 169)

 

Other examples of the incomparability of God and/or the recognition of the ontological existence of other G/gods, see:

 

Nabu comes out.
[He sings to] the Lady of the Sanctuary;
“I will choose you,

[I] have purified (you) [and poured the oil,]
I [have made] my pride [rule]
Over all the Gods.” (iii12-17//iii 1-6; iv 1-6 in ibid., 152)

 

Kings saw you,
And they were fearful.
They were in a[we,]
Saying before their magnates:
“At the sta[rt] of the day she is elevated.
And we have seen
The [ri]se of the Queen of Rash,
The entrance of the Lady
Among the gods.”
And all of them rose

<From> their thrones.
Let the Lady be seated
Among the Gods.
Let her throne be precious in [Rash!]
In Rash a footstool
has been se[t up] for you!”
They were intoxicated
By the goodness of the Lady,
The Gods by [her] love.
Kings made the Lady go up,
“Please ent[er and] be seate[d]
[Upon your throne.”]
They burned incense for her throne,
And they crowned her, and they said:
“Let the sunrise bless the Lady!”
“I am Nanay, [the Queen of Heaven (?)].”
What is my Lady saying?
“[Bless (?) my appearance!”
Let the m[oon] bless you,
Who brightens up the Gods of the N[ight].
Let the sun [say a bl]essing,
The light [that ill]uminates [the earth (?).]
[Let] the King bless [his] Bride.
Let the constellations speak a bles[sing].
Just so the lights [of the night,]
The planets and the constellations:
“Elevate between us [your light (?)]!”
They bless the Lady:
“[You are] the Lady of the Sanctuary, Lady.” (iv 1-6//iii 1-6; iii 12-17 in ibid., 153-54)

 

Our Crescent,
You slumber in (lit., from) Rash!
You are dimmed because of love.
The light of his radiance has passed.
And his light is not high.
His light has turned dark.
Your <cl>oud is a seal, O Lord,
Send away your cloud for me!
Arise, wake up for me!
Wake up, Lady, his Spouse!
The guard looks
At the inner room of the Lady.
The Gods are watching out for the Queen,
Also the princes, for the Spouse.
The young woman, once examined,
Is established in his palace.
Now come, Bride of his,
Shake off slumber!
Let me see her rays.
And you will be called upon:
“Bring the God, the Lord!”
Let me see their rise.
End. (ix 1-x 8 in ibid., 163)

 

Further Reading


C.J. Labuschagne on the language of "incomparability" in the Old Testament and Literature of Surrounding Cultures

1QHa XVIII and the meaning of "none besides me"

Refuting Jeff Durbin on "Mormonism"