Tuesday, November 23, 2021

Jesus as the Agent/Shaliaḥ of the Father in the Gospel of John and the New Moses

 Jesus as Agent of the Father in the Gospel of John:

 

The Fourth Evangelist has presented Jesus as God’s agent or shaliach (that is, שׁלוח or שׁליח, ‘one who is sent’, from שׁלח), who then commissions his disciples to carry on his ministry. . . the relationship between the sender and agent is so close that in a certain sense the agent can be identified with the sender. We see this in Exod. 7.1 where God tells Moses: ‘I have given you to Pharaoh as god (θεος)’; and perhaps also when Moses and Aaron say to the people: ‘Your murmuring is not against us but against God’ (Exod. 16.8). In the Fourth Gospel the logos is identified as θεος (1.1), while elsewhere the Johannine Jesus says, ‘I and the Father are one’ (10.30); and ‘He who believes in me does not believe in me but in the one who sent me, and he who beholds me holds the one who sent me’ (12.44-45; cf. 14.1). (Craig A. Evans, Word and Glory: On the Exegetical and Theological Background of John’s Prologue [Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series 59; Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1993], 137, 139)

 

. . . the shaliach was sometimes expected to perform signs confirming his claims that he spoke and acted for God (for examples from the prophets, see Isa. 7.11, 14; Jer. 44.29; Ezek. 4.3). We see this feature in the ministries of Moses and Jesus, with the Fourth Evangelist once again deriving his language from the Old Testament. At the beginning of his ministry Moses ‘did (ποιειν) the signs (σημεια) before the people. And the people believed (ποστευειν)’ (Exod. 4:30b-31). We are reminded of the editorial statement that follows Jesus’ first sign: ‘This, the first of his signs (σημεια), Jesus did (ποιειν) at Cana . . . and his disciples believed (πιστευειν) in him’ (2.11). But at a later time in the ministry of Moses God becomes frustrated with an unbelieving Israel: ‘How long will they not believe (πιστευειν) in me, in spite of all the signs (σημεια) which I have done (ποιειν) among them?’ (Num. 14.11). At the end of his ministry Moses says to Israel: ‘You have seen all that the Lord has done (ποιειν) in the land of Egypt . . . those signs (σημεια) and great wonders. Yet the Lord (κυριος) has not given you a heart to know, and eyes to see, and ears to hear’ (Deut. 29.2-4). Similarly, the Fourth Evangelist summarizes Jesus’ public ministry of signs: ‘Though he had done (ποιειν) so many signs (σημεια) before them, yet they did not believe (πιστευειν) in him, in order that the word of Isaiah the prophet might be fulfilled, which he spoke: “Lord (κυριος), who has believed (πιστευειν) our report?” . . . they were not able to believe (πιστευειν), because again spoke Isaiah: “He has blinded their eyes and hardened their heart . . .”’ (12.37; cf. Isa. 6.10). It is apparent that the Fourth Evangelist’s understanding of faith, or the lack of it, is significantly informed by traditions relating to Moses, especially in reference to God’s mighty works and ‘signs’. (Ibid, 140)

 

Moses as a Mediator/Agent of God in The Testament of Moses (First Century A.D.)

 

But he did design and devise me, who (was) prepared from the beginning of the world, to be the mediator of his covenant. (1:14 [Evans, p. 136 notes that “Here creation and covenant are juxtaposed and related to the person of Moses”])

 

(when) he solemnly called heaven and earth as witnesses against us that we should not transgress God’s commandments of which he had become the mediator for us? (3:12)