Thursday, August 20, 2020

Rodrigo F. De Sousa on Isaiah 7:14 and the "virgin"/"young lady" debate

 

Commenting on the LXX rendering the Hebrew ‎הָעַלְמָ֗ה as παρθνος in Isa 7:14, Rodrigo F. De Sousa wrote:

 

As for עלמה, one must note Barr’s assertion that the simple identification of עלמה as “young woman” is misleading, as it “fails to take account of the rarity of the word and the very limited range of usage that is relevant for elucidation of the Isaiah passage” (J. Barr, “The Most Famous Word in the Septuagint,” in Studia Semitica: The Journal of Semitic Studies Jubilee Volume [ed. P.S. Alexander et al.; JSSSUP 16; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005], 59-72 [66]). In fact, the root עלם occurs only ten times in the MT. The singular עלמה occurs only four times, namely, in Gen 24:43; Exod 2:8; Isa 7:14, and Prov 30:19. In the first three examples, we find the articular form העלמה. In Exod 2:8, העלמה refers to the maidservant of pharaoh’s daughter. Although the text does not mention anything regarding her sexuality or marital status, it is reasonable to assume that she was single and thus probably expected to be a virgin. In Gen 24:43, the term appears in the context of the mission of Abraham’s servant to find a suitable wife for Isaac. In the text, a variety of terms referring to women is used. Rebekah is described as אשׁה but most often as נערה (five times: 24:14, 16, 28, 55, 57), once as בתולה (24:16), and once as עלמה (24:43). My survey of the uses of עלמה does not enable us to perceive anything particularly significant about the term, apart from the already mentioned connotations of youth and, conceivably, subordination and virginity. Interestingly, at Gen 24:43, עלמה is also rendered by παρθενος. (Rodrigo F. De Sousa, Eschatology and Messianism in LXX Isaiah 1-12 [Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies 516; New York: T&T Clark, 2019], 74)

 

Commenting on James Barr’s article, De Sousa noted the following, adding further support to the plausibility of עלמה being rendered as “virgin,” not simply “young lady”:

 

[Barr, p. 63] reckons nine cases, leaving Ps 9:1 out. In Pss 9:1; 46(45)1 and 1 Chr 15:20 it appears in the technical musical term עלמות, which is irrelevant for the present purposes. In Ps 68;25, עלמות is the plural of עלמה and refers to players of tambourines. In Song 1:3 and 6:8, the plural עלמות clearly refers to young women. In 1:3, in the context of the praises of the groom anointed with fragrant oil, we read that the עלמות love (or desire) him. In 6:8, the groom is exalting his object of desire above all other women who, presumably, were “available” to him. While Barr argues that the erotic connotation of these verses speak against the meaning “virgin,” it has to be stressed that the use of the term in 6:8, in distinction to פילנשׁים (“concubines”), makes the connotation “virgin” quite possible. Besides the question of the virginity of the עלמות, the use of the term in these verses seem to evoke youth, and to designate some kind of “official” or recognized social category of courtly servants (see the use of בתולות in Ps 45:14). (Ibid., 74 n. 17)

 

 For more, see "Appendix 3: Virgin or Young Lady? An Examination of Isaiah 7:14 and 2 Nephi 17:14," pp. 208-12 of my book, Behold the Mother of My Lord: Towards a Mormon Mariology