Monday, September 14, 2020

Examples of Modern Scholarship vs. the Perpetual Virginity of Mary

  

D.A. Carson on Matt 12:46

 

The most natural way to understand “brothers” (v. 46) is that the term refers to sons of Mary and Joseph and thus to brothers of Jesus on his mother’s side. To support the dogma of Mary’s perpetual virginity, a notion foreign to the NT and to the earliest church fathers, Roman Catholic scholars have suggested that “brothers” refers either to Joseph’s sons by an earlier marriage or to sons of Mary’s sister, who had the same name (cf. Lagrange; McHugh, pp. 200ff.). Certainly “brothers” can have a wider meaning than male relatives (Acts 22:1). Yet it is very doubtful whether such a meaning is valid here for it raises insuperable problems. For instance, if “brothers” refers to Joseph’s sons by an earlier marriage, not Jesus but Joseph’s firstborn would have been legal heir to David’s throne. The second theory—that “brothers” refers to sons of a sister of Mary also named “Mary”—faces the unlikelihood of two sisters having the same name. All things considered, the attempts to extend the meaning of “brothers” in this pericope, despite McHugh’s best efforts, are nothing less than farfetched exegesis in support of a dogma that originated much later than the NT (see on 1:25; Luke 2:7; cf. Broadus on 13:55–56). (D.A. Carson, "Matthew," in Frank E. Gaebelein, ed. The Expositor's Bible Commentary, Volume 8: Matthew, Mark, Luke [Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 1984], 8299)

 

Walter W. Wessel on Mark 6:3

 

The brothers and sisters of Jesus mentioned here were not cousins (Jerome’s view) or Joseph’s children by a previous marriage (Epiphanius’s view). Both Jerome and Epiphanius were greatly influenced by the Roman Catholic dogma of the perpetual virginity of Mary (Jerome’s theory also made possible the virginity of Joseph!). But neither Epiphanius’s nor Jerome’s view finds support in Scripture. The children mentioned here were more probably children born to Mary and Joseph according to natural biological processes subsequent to the virgin birth of Jesus (Helvidius’s view). James was probably the oldest and was certainly the best known of Jesus’ brothers. He was closely identified with the church of Jerusalem (Acts 12:17; 15:13; 21:18; 1 Cor 15:7; Gal 1:19; 2:9, 12) and was probably the author of the Epistle of James (James 1:1). Both Josephus (Antiq. XX, 200 [ix.1]) and Eusebius (Ecclesiastical History 2.33) preserve accounts of his violent death. Jude was probably the author of the Book of Jude. We know nothing of Joseph and Simon. (Walter W. Wessel, "Mark," in Frank E. Gaebelein, ed. The Expositor's Bible Commentary, Volume 8: Matthew, Mark, Luke [Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 1984], 8665)

 

Gal 1:19 and James being an αδελφος/brother of the Lord

 

The word translated “brother” (ἀδελφός, adelphos, GK 81) may variously mean a brother of the same parents, a stepbrother born of one mutual parent, or a cousin. There is nothing preventing us from taking the word in its most natural sense here, as a blood (step) brother of Jesus, particularly because Mark 6:3 indicates that Mary had given birth to as many as six other children. Lightfoot, 252–91, has an extended discussion of the birth brothers and sisters of Jesus born to Mary and Joseph (cf. Robert K. Rapa, “Jesus Christ the Cornerstone: Conceived of God and Born of a Woman,” in Foundational Faith: Unchanging Truth for an Ever-Changing World, ed. J. Koessler [Chicago: Moody, 2003], 81–102). (Robert K. Rapa, "Galatians," in Tremper Longman III and David E. Garland eds., The Expositor's Bible Commentary [Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 2008], 11574)

 

εἰ μὴ Ἰάκωβον τὸν ἀδελφὸν τοῦ κυρίου. Paul was anxious both then and throughout his apostolic career to establish and maintain bonds of fellowship with the Jerusalem church and its leaders. There was another of the leaders in Jerusalem at this time whom he made a point of meeting—James, the Lord’s brother. He should in all probability be identified with the James who is named as the first of four brothers of Jesus in Mk. 6:3 (cf. Mt. 13:55) in a context which suggests that they, with an unspecified number of unnamed sisters, were, like Jesus himself, children of Mary. The Lord’s ‘brothers’ are mentioned by Paul in 1 Cor. 9:5 as well-known Christian figures in the mid-fifties.

 

There is a disagreement among early Christian writers about the exact relation which those ‘brothers’ bore to Jesus. Tertullian (Adv. Marc. 4:19; De Car. 7) appears to have regarded them as uterine brothers, the sons of Joseph and Mary; others, like the author of the Protevangelium of James (9:2), took them to be sons of Joseph by a previous marriage. This latter view was defended by Epiphanius in a letter subsequently incorporated in Haer. 78. The view that they were uterine brothers was explicitly affirmed about AD 380 by Helvidius of Rome, who disapproved of the prevalent tendency to exalt virginity above marriage and child-bearing. Helvidius was answered in 383 by Jerome (Adversus Helvidium de perpetua virginitate beatae Mariae), who propounded a third view—that the Lord’s ἀδελφοί were actually his first cousins, the sons of Alphaeus by ‘Mary of Cleopas’, whom he inferred from Jn. 19:25 to be the Virgin’s sister (cf. Mk. 15:40). This view, as Jerome claimed, safeguarded the perpetual virginity not only of Mary but also of Joseph. It is plain that the controversy was occasioned rather by considerations of theological propriety than by a concern for historical fact. J. B. Lightfoot conveniently distinguishes the three principal views just listed as the Epiphanian, the Hevidian and the Hieronymian (‘The Brethren of the Lord’, Galatians, 252–291). See also R E. Brown, K. P. Donfried, J. A. Fitzmyer, J. Reumann (ed.), Mary in the NT (London, 1978), 65–72, 270–278. (F.F. Bruce, The Epistle to the Galatians: A Commentary on the Greek Text [New International Greek Testament Commentary; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1982], 99, emphasis added)

 

For more, see chapter 4, "The Perpetual Virginity of Mary," pp. 83-138 of my book Behold the Mother of My Lord: Towards a Mormon Mariology.