Wednesday, December 23, 2020

"The Evil Heart" and 4 Ezra

Some texts during the Second Temple Period and just after the destruction of the Second Temple appear, at first blush, to teach strict determinism (a “Proto-Calvinism” if you will). However, while some texts, such as 4 Ezra, does teach a form of determinism, they still teach genuine human free-will in man, even after the fall, similar to most other texts such as Sirach:

 

The Evil Heart

 

Fourth Ezra 3.21 states that God himself created the evil heart within Adam when he created him, an evil heart that led him to sin. All of Adam’s descendants have inherited this evil heart, and so all have sinned. It is this sin which leads to death. Death in 4 Ezra refers not only to the end of one’s mortal life but also to eternal punishment as opposed to eternal life. Later, Ezra even suggests that it would have been better had Adam never been created (7.116-20). By viewing human sinfulness as inevitable and also predetermined, 4 Ezra diverges from Sirach, who emphasized human choice (15.11-20), and moves in a direction different from the rabbis. Like 4 Ezra, the rabbis believed in an evil inclination (Heb “yetzer ha-ra”). But the rabbits believed that the evil inclination found its equal in a good inclination (Heb “yetzer ha-tov”), and that each person was endowed with both (m. Ber. 9.5). IN agreement with 4 Ezra, the rabbis believed that the evil inclination was a powerful source of human evil (m. Avot 2.11). But unlike the more pessimistic 4 Ezra, the rabbits believed that individuals had the capacity to follow the good inclination and over-power the evil one (m. Avot 4.1).

 

Alongside the view that God created in Adam an evil heart, which all have inherited, the author assumes free will (cf. 7.21-24). These two ideas stand in tension: Does an evil heart have the ability to choose righteousness? Ezra himself stands as an example that the ability does exist. (Jonathan Klawans and Lawrence M. Wills, eds., The Jewish Annotated Apocrypha [New York: Oxford University Press, 2020], 349, emphasis in bold added)

 

4 Ezra 7:21-24, referenced above, reads:

 

For the Lord strictly commanded those who came into the world, when they came, what they should do to live, and what they should observe to avoid punishment. Nevertheless they were not obedient, and spoke against him; they devised for themselves vain and thoughts, and proposed to themselves wicked frauds; they even declared that the Most High does not exist, and they ignored his ways. They scorned his law, and denied his covenants; they have been unfaithful to his statues, and have not performed his works. (NRSV)