Thursday, December 10, 2020

The Meaning of "Flesh and Blood" in Matthew 16:17

  

And Jesus answered and said unto him, Blessed art thou, Simon Barjona: for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven. (Matt 16:17)

 

Some believe the phrase “flesh and blood” to be a synonym for “physical.” However, it is generally believed by New Testament scholars that “flesh and blood” is a Semitism referring to man as a moral being. Consider its usage in Rabbinic literature wherein it carries the primary sense of mortality rather than physicality:

 

a. The description of man as “flesh and blood” is older than Rabbinism. It is rooted in the widespread Semitic tendency to express complex phenomena by two complementary terms. In illustration one might refer in Old Canaanite-Ugaritic to “ruler sea” and “judge river” for water as the ancient power of chaos, and in Hebrew to “heaven and earth” for the cosmos (Gn. 1:1) or “waste and void” for chaos (Gn. 1:2). “Flesh and blood” as an expression for man refers to man’s external life and also to his existence as a living creature, which is guaranteed by blood (→ I, 173, 13 ff.) as the sap of life. From the very outset, then, the idea of mortality and creatureliness seems to be especially bound up with the phrase, cf. Sir. 14:18 (Heb.): “Like the buds on a sprouting tree, of which one decays and the other opens, so are the generations of flesh and blood; the one perishes and the other grows up.”

 

In the same way the Rabb. use the expression “flesh and blood” chiefly where the corruptible nature of man—usually in a conclusion a minori ad maius—is compared with the eternity and omnipotence of God: j Ber., 9 (13b, 1): “If he who depends on flesh and blood (i.e., another man) is delivered, how much more he who depends on God.” Well-known are the many royal parables in which an earthly king (מלך בשר ודם) is the counterpart of God as the heavenly king, → 109, 27 f.

 

b. It is significant for the development of Jewish anthropology, however, that the word flesh, used alone, gives place to גּוּף, which is to be regarded as a derivate of the root gup, found in Arab. and meaning “to be hollow.” Found in the OT only in 1 Ch. 10:12 as גּוּפָה* “corpse,”: guf acquires an extraordinarily wide range of meaning in Middle Hebrew and Aram., e.g., “cavity,” “hollow place,” “body.” Hence גּוּף can mean “person,” cf. b. Qid., 37a f., where a legal religious duty which is connected with the person and is to be discharged everywhere (חובת הגוף) is distinguished from that which is bound exclusively to Palestine (חוכת הארץ). Like נֶפֶשׁ and בָּשָׂר in the OT and עֶצֶם “bone” in Middle Heb. גּוּף can also be used as a pronoun: גופה של פתילה “the wick itself,” j Shab., 2 (5a, 23). (Eduard Schweizer and Friedrich Baumgärtel, “Σάρξ, Σαρκικός, Σάρκινος,” in Gerhard Kittel, Geoffrey W. Bromiley, and Gerhard Friedrich, eds., Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Volume 7 [Grand Rapids, Mich: Eerdmans, 1964–], 116.)

 

Interestingly, I have seen “flesh and blood” in Matt 16:17 as being a proof-text against Latter-day Saint theology of divine embodiment, but such is bogus, based on eisegesis.

 

For a sampling of the biblical evidence for the Latter-day Saint doctrine of the Father being embodied, see:

 

Lynn Wilder vs. Latter-day Saint (and Biblical) Theology on Divine Embodiment