Monday, March 8, 2021

Errol Amey, "A Case for Subordinationism in Modern Apologetics" (A Response to William Albrecht and Sam Shamoun)

(The following is from my friend Errol Amey and is being shared with his permission [click here for Part II])

A Case for Subordinationism in Modern Apologetics: On How Polemicists for Athanasian/ Constantinopolitan Trinitarianism Actively Attempt to Suppress Knowledge of Subordinationist Trinitarianism Among Today’s Laity.

 

William Albrecht is a lay apologist for the Roman Catholic Church. I’d been loosely aware of him for a few years, but had never viewed any of his YouTube/Zoom livefeeds when on a whim I dropped in on one defending the Trinity and asked him how he responds to the prevalent indication in patristic scholarship of Subordinationism as the common or even universal view of the pre-Nicene Church. Albrect took exception to this line of inquiry and at times seemed quite perturbed as he denied that any of the pre-Nicene Christians held to Subordinationism and attempted to draw me into a debate on the primary source material for which I did not at that time have my notes gathered, so we agreed that I’d come back the following week for discussion of such. We hashed out some details, which he acknowledged: “You're going to have to narrow it down to at least five Fathers because there's no way we're going talk about—to be able to cover all of them in an two-hour span. So you've got Tertullian, Justin Martyr, Origen, . . . Novatian, . . . Hippolytus.” He also acknowledged my lack of interest in considering the Scriptures apart from the early Christian understanding of them. He furthermore noted at the end of our discussion, “I don't mute you or kick you [out]. As much as you talk I allow you to speak. You'll be treated fairly. You can present your case.” And yet when I showed up the next week, this is the reaction which I received from Albrecht and his regular guest, Sam Shamoun (aka, Ben Malik), starting when I came on at around the 1:44:00 timestamp:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3z7JbF9CJ1A&t=6225s

 

Shamoun paid lip-service to prima scriptura, but then insisted on having me ejected when I attempted to cite the early Christians' commentaries on the verses being discussed, becoming almost hysterical in demanding exclusively, “the verse from the Bible!” Similarly, in my previous meeting with Albrecht, he repeatedly insisted, “Show me from the Bible,” in response to my appeal to patristic writ. Shamoun even took a page straight out of the Protestant playbook by citing Irenaeus' belief that Christ lived into his mature years as a reason to dismiss universal pre-Nicene understandings of the Scriptures (e.g., Subordinationism). Such a sola scriptura approach is not at all what one would imagine from those of Roman Catholicism or Assyrian Church of the East, and yet there it is.

 

Shamoun did make some interesting comments in our brief exchange, however, including a point which would contradict Albrecht’s stance that pre-Nicene Christians didn’t teach Subordinationism: “Jesus residing in God as the Logos and then becoming the Son? That is not warranted by Scripture so though Justin Martyr, Tertullian, and Irenaeus are Trinitarians they are wrestling with how to properly articulate those relationships. But then you fully are aware that later on, upon further reflection, those articulations were abandoned. . . . Did Athanasius believe that Jesus wasn’t the Son prior to creation but the Logos Who then sprung forth as the Son? So who’s right? . . . I’m going to go with Athanasius. I like his interpretations. I’m going to pit my [church] father against your [church] father.” Just prior to this Shamoun had also denied that the Father is autotheos; an argument one would be hard pressed to demonstrate from the pre-Nicene Christians, to say the least. All of this only serves to attenuate Albrect’s previous argument that none of the pre-Nicene orthodox held to Subordinationism. Indeed, Albrect’s responses to the patristic scholarship which I had cited for him were (1) that the scholars I cited were “liberal” scholars, and (2) that there are conservative scholars who disagree with the idea that any of the pre-Nicene orhtodox were Subordinationists. The former point was rather disingenuous given that Albrecht had already admitted that he was unfamiliar with the scholars who I had cited, and thus it would appear that he defines “liberal scholar” as ‘Any scholar who disagrees with William Albrecht,’ when in fact all of the scholars I cited are considered conservative by their peers. Here is how Albrecht attempted to support his latter response:

 

“My scholar can beat yours up; I could use that argument all day. . . . I can list my scholar and you can list yours. . . . You think your scholars are correct; I think mine are correct. You list one, I’ll list one right now: Bogdan Bucur blows away any of the scholars you’ve listed; he’s Orthodox; would never make those arguments; google him; Bogdan Bucur, he’s not even Catholic; one of the top scholars . . . would never make these ridiculous arguments.”

 

When I requested that Albrecht obtain a direct citation to this effect by when next met for the debate, he refused and told me to look it up myself. So I shouldered Albrecht’s burden of proof; a bibliophile friend of mine gave me access to one of Bucur’s (rather expensive) works, and this is what I found:

 

“The fact that Justin Martyr articulated his trinitarian faith by means of a problematic trinitarian theology is a commonplace in scholarship. . . .

“The problem most often associated with Justin’s trinitarian theology is its subordinationism. Even more troubling is Justin’s view of the Holy Spirit. . . .

“In Apol. 1.13.3, Justin states that Christ holds the second place after ‘the true God,’ while ‘the prophetic Spirit’ holds the third place. A similar subordinationist scheme occurs in Apol. 1.60.6–7”

(Bogdan Gabriel Bucur, Angelomorphic Pneumatology, pp. 139-141)

 

And thus we see Albrecht’s disingenuousness in merely assuming that one of his favorite scholars would support his case when he was clearly unfamiliar with what Bucur actually had to say on the matter. Especially notice how Bucur noted this to be, “commonplace in scholarship,” a point which was mirrored in one of the scholarly sources I had cited:

 

“Ante-Nicene Subordinationism

“It is generally conceded that the ante-Nicene Fathers were subordinationists. This is clearly evident in the writings of the second-century ‘Apologists.’ . . . Irenaeus follows a similar path . . . . The theological enterprise begun by the Apologists and Irenaeus was continued in the West by Hippolytus and Tertullian . . . . The ante-Nicene Fathers did their best to explain how the one God could be a Trinity of three persons. It was the way they approached this dilemma that caused them insoluble problems and led them into subordinationism. They began with the premise that there was one God who was the Father, and then tried to explain how the Son and the Spirit could also be God. By the fourth century it was obvious that this approach could not produce an adequate theology of the Trinity.”

(Kevin Giles, The Trinity & Subordinationism, pp. 60-62)

 

The fact that Giles himself, as an Anglican priest, agrees with later Athanasian Trinitarianism only serves to bolster his attestation that pre-Nicene Christendom was Subordinationist, a point which, like Bucur, he also notes as being the consensus of patristic scholars as it is, “generally conceded.” Additional examples from patristic scholars abound; we’ll consider a few more as we refute Albrecht’s treatments of Justin Martyr.

 

I began my examples of primary source material with the following:

 

“we know no ruler more kingly or just than He except God [the Father] who begot Him.”

(Justin Martyr, ca. 153, First Apology 12, in Fathers of the Church 6:44, brackets in original)

 

That the Son is less kingly and less just than the Father are examples of subordination in personal attributes. Albrecht’s response was that in such instances, “each and every time you’ll find that in Justin, he’s talking about the human nature of Christ. He’s very clear about that.” This would be a good point, were it actually true. Translations of Justin Martyr’s First Apology are readily available in their entirety online such as the Ante-Nicene Fathers, and anyone can see that nowhere in the textual context does Justin even remotely insinuate that he’s here talking about, “the human nature of Christ,” let alone being, “very clear about that.” Indeed, I had already shared with Albrecht the Roman Catholic translator’s commentary on this passage:

 

“This seems to imply the error of subordinationism which teaches that the Father is greater than the Son.”

(Thomas B. Falls, Fathers of the Church 6:44)

 

Entirely in keeping with the consensus of patristic scholarship. Another example from Justin, also without any contextual indication that he was merely referring to Christ’s humanity:

 

“For we have learnt that he is the son of the true God, and we hold him in second place, with the prophetic Spirit in the third rank.”

(Justin Martyr, ca. 153, First Apology 13:3, in Oxford Early Christian Texts 11:111)

 

This passage is of particular interest as Albrecht had claimed, “Why is it that you don’t have any of this in the actual footnotes ? . . . Do any of these scholars appear in the new editions of the translations that’re coming out? I can tell you right now they don’t. I’ve looked at Justin Martyr. I have the new translations that’ve come out. You don’t have any of these footnotes there; any of these commentaries that’re from scholars.” Patently false. From the footnotes to the passage of the above translation, in the 2014 edition:

 

“At D[ialogue with Trypho] 5.4 Justin says that ‘only God is unbegotten and incorruptible, and he is God for that very reason; everything else after him is begotten and corruptible’. This is one of the grounds of Justin’s subordinationism: an unbegotten, incorruptible, immortal God could not be crucified. But, equally, such a God could not reveal himself to his creatures. Hence the need for an ‘other God’ (τερος θες) besides the maker of the universe (cf. D[ialogue with Trypho] 55.1; 56.4; 56.2; 128.4; 129.4), who ‘has never done or said anything except what he who is the creator of the universe, above whom there is no other God, willed him both to do and to say’ (D[ialogue with Trypho] 56.11). Justin’s subordinationism succinctly emcompasses both a courageous acknowledgement of the folly of the cross (cf. 1 Cor. 1:23), and deliberately startling assertion of the real, though secondary, divinity of Jesus.”

(Denis Minns & Paul Parvis, Oxford Early Christian Texts 11:111)

 

And again, from the introduction of the same translation:

 

“Justin believed that the very possibility of divine revelation required the existence of such a distinct, subordinated, or second-order divinity, for the possibility of God directly and immediately communicating himself to anyone else was ruled out by God’s own transcendence. How, in view of this, God is able to communicate himself to the Son is a question which Justin does not address. He is aware, however, that to speak of this ‘rational power’ as ‘another God’ distinct from the Father who begets him, is problematic for the belief that God is one. Justin solves the difficulty to his own satisfaction by insisting that the ‘other God’ (θεὸςτερος) and Lord who is beside the maker of the universe, came into being by the will of the Father, and, though numerically distinct from him, ‘has never done anything except that which the God who is the maker of all, above whom there is no other God (λλος . . . θες), has willed him to do and to say’ (D[ialogue with Trypho] 56.4, 11).”

(Ibid., pp. 61-62)

 

And finally, yet another from Justin Martyr:

 

“I shall attempt to prove my assertion, namely, that there exists and is mentioned in Scripture another God and Lord under the Creator of all things, who is also called an Angel, because He proclaims to man whatever the Creator of the world—above whom there is no other God—wishes to reveal to them.”
(Justin Martyr, ca. 160, Dialogue With Trypho 56, in Fathers of the Church 6:232)

 

When proponents of Athanasian Trinitarianism claim that there are detractors among patristic scholars to the view that Subordinationism constituted pre-Nicene orthodoxy, they rarely attempt to drop any names, and even in such rare exceptions never cite the sources themselves. Albrecht isn’t the first to try to hide behind the rarity and expensiveness of the volumes necessary for fact-checking; last year it was Eastern Orthodox polemicist, John Yelland, who assured me that Fr. John Behr rejected this position, and like Albrecht he failed to give a citation. And just as with Albrecht, I found the truth to be quite the opposite of what I was assured it to be, and incidentally in direct commentary to my last citation of Justin Martyr:

 

“As it is not God himself who thus appeared and spoke with man, the Word of God who did all of these things is, for Justin [Martyr], ‘another God and Lord besides (ἔτερος παρὰ) the Maker of all, who is also called his Angel, as he brings messages from the Maker of all, above whom there is no other God’ (Dial. 56.4). . . . The divinity of Jesus Christ, an ‘other God,’ is no longer that of the Father himself, but subordinate to it, a lesser divinity”

(John Behr, Formation of Christian Theology 1:104)

 

Errol also shared the following: "Albrecht has now resorted to blocking my comments on his YouTube channel, deleting my posts on his Facebook page, and both he and Shamoun have been continuing to hurl personal insults at me. But better that than if this dispute was being had some 600 years go."