Saturday, October 23, 2021

Barbara Pitkin on John Calvin and How Works of Believers are not "Filthy Rags"

  

Paul’s quotation of Ps. 32:1 (“Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven and whose sins are covered; Blessed is the man to whom God does not impute sin”) in Rom. 4:6 provides the occasion for Calvin to confront two challenges to his view that the imputed righteousness of Christ alone apart from any works is determinative for salvation. First, Calvin refutes the scholastic doctrine that in justification the fault of sin is forgiven but the punishment remains and hence penance is required (Comm. Rom, p. 84, lines 47-49; Romans, p. 86). David’s statement, Calvin claims, declares both that sins are removed from God’s sight and that they are not imputed; the forgiveness in justification is complete, and (as Calvin adds in 1551) this free righteousness continues to be imputed throughout one’s life. Second, Calvin underscores his position that works, however righteous, cannot justify, in a discussion of Ps. 106:30-31, a text not quoted by Paul. These verses praise the priest Phinehas for a deed described in Num. 25:6-9. Steinmetz points out the difficulty that Phinehas created for certain sixteenth-century interpreters, since Ps. 106:31 praises Phinehas’s action and declares that it “has been reckoned to him as righteousness from generation to generation for ever.” Moreover, Numbers 25:10-13 relates that Phinehas received a covenant of peace and perpetual priesthood because of his deed. Calvin’s solution to the obvious difficulty that these passages present is to insist that Phinehas must have been first justified by faith in order for his deed to have been accounted righteous (Comm. Rom., p. 84-85, lines 63-73 and notes; Romans, p. 86-86). Without the righteousness of faith, no work would be counted just. There is a righteousness of works, but it is an effect of the righteousness of faith, which alone justifies. (Barbara Pitkin, What Pure Eyes Could See: Calvin’s Doctrine of Faith in Its Exegetical Context [Oxford Studies in Historical Theology; New York: Oxford University Press, 1999], 47)

 

Calvin’s Pauline view of the relationship between works and faith provides the key to his interpretation of the deeds of the Old Testament catalogued in this passage. The opening sentence in his comments on Heb. 1:4 on the figure heading up the list. Abel, reiterates the point that he made, for example, when he dealt with Phinehas: “From here on [the author] will explain that however excellent the works of the saints were, it was from faith that they derived their value, their worthiness, and whatever excellence they possessed.” Abel’s sacrifice was acceptable “because he himself enjoyed God’s favor.” He found favor with God because his heart had been purified by faith (Comm. Heb., pp. 184-185). (Ibid., 78)

 

In the endnote to the above:

 

Calvin repeats this point at least twice in his exegesis of this verse alone: “He confirms what I have already stated, that no work coming from us can please God until we ourselves have been received into his favor. Or more briefly, no works are reckoned just before God except those of a just man.” “Let us learn therefore that no right work can proceed from us until we are justified before God.” Calvin makes similar claims with respect to Noah. From Noah’s example (Heb. 11:7) “it is evident that in all ages men have neither been approved by God nor done anything worthy of praise otherwise than by faith” (p. 189). When the verse declares that Noah became the heir of that righteousness that is according to faith, Calvin writes: “Moses reports that he was just. Because that history does not report that the cause and root of his righteousness was faith, the apostle declares this from the matter itself. This is true not only because no one ever devotes himself sincerely in service to God unless, relying on God’s promises of fatherly benevolence, he trusts that his life will be approved by him. [It is true] also because when estimated according to God’s standard no one’s life, however holy, can please God without pardon. Therefore it is necessary that righteousness rest on faith” (p. 191). (Ibid., 207-8 n. 37)