Saturday, March 26, 2022

M. David Litwa on the theologies of Baptism among Menander, the Sethians, and Marcus (Valentinian)

  

Menander

 

Baptism

 

What other Christians found radical was that Menander instituted his own version of the Christian water rite. Outside of Judea, baptism was already a distinctively Christian practice. Instead of baptism into Christ, Menander reportedly proclaimed a baptism “in” or “with reference to him(self).” This is how Irenaeus put it (Irenaeus, AH 1.23.5 [in eum baptisma]). Eusebius may preserve Irenaeus’s original Greek which referred to baptism simply “from” or “in the interest of” Menander—a fairly innocuous phrase (Eusebius, HE 3.26.2 [προς αυτου βαπτισματος). Being baptized “into the name of the Lord Jesus” was standard jargon for Christian baptism (Acts 8:16; 19:5) and it meant—among other things—being placed in a relationship of belonging to a deity. Paul denied that he baptized people in his own name (1 Cor. 1;13) since that might indicate competition with Christ. Justin Martyr whose Syntagma was the probable source of Irenaeus, wanted to portray Menander as an arrogant self-deifier (Justin Martyr, 1 Apol. 26.1). (M. David Litwa, Found Christianities: Remaking the World of the Second Century CE [London: T&T Clark, 2022], 74)

 

Sethians

 

Baptism

 

Sethian Christians did not just compose sacred stories. They formed groups that practiced a baptismal rite called “the Five Seals.” The Providence Hymn in the Secret Book of John presents Christ as raising and sealing converts “in luminous water with Five Seals, that death might not prevail” (this recalls the promise of Menander’s baptism” (Ap. John II,1 31.20-24). The Five Seals themselves are enigmatic. They may refer to five steps in the ritual, five drinks in the water, or five anointings with oil (for the five steps, see Tri. Prot. XIII,1 48.15-25).

 

In the Secret Book of John, Christ was anointed in heaven. One would expect a mirroring of this event on earth. The Reality of the Rulers speaks of the “oil of eternal life” with which Christ anointed his people (Hyp. Arch. II,4 97.3-4). The fivefold anointing may also be illumined by The Gospel of Thomas, which mentions five trees in Paradise. Anointing with five types of oil may have been thought to convey eternal life, for—as Thomas put it—“whoever knows them [the trees] will not taste death” (Gosp. Thom. II,2 19.3-4). Sethian baptism, like Menander’s, ensured that its participants also did “not taste death” (Gosp. Eg. III, 2 66.8).

 

Sethian Christian baptism involved the renunciation of the world and sin. Baptized persons stripped their clothes to represent the removal of ignorance (Tri Prot. XIII, 1 49.30-31). They descended into “living water” which may refer, on the physical plane, to running water (Gosp. Eg. III, 2 66.11). On a higher plane, the living water was identified with Jesus, invoked under a mystical name, “Yesseus Mazareus Yessedekeus” (apparently meaning “Jesus of Nazareth, Jesus the Just” (cf. Isa. 11:1. Gosp. Eg. III, 2 64.10-11). Sethian Christians called their baptism “holy.” It was meant for “people who have eternal knowledge (gnosis)” (Ap. Adam V,5 85.26).

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In imitation of Christ’s baptism, the Seed of Seth received the name of Christ “in the water” (Ap. Adam V,5 83.5-6). In our sole surviving account of a Sethian baptismal invocation, Jesus (“Yesseus”) is the primary person invoked. His is the “glorious name.” The person baptized is asked to say: “This great name of yours is upon me, you who lack nothing you. Self-born one, who are not outside me” (Gosp. Eg. III, 2 66.23-24). Bright with the “armor of light,” the baptizand stretched out his or her hands, continued to pray to Jesus as the “god of silence,” the “place of rest,” the “formless one.” The invocation mentioned “the sweet smell of life” which may refer to incense or aromatic oil used in the rite (Gosp. Eg. III, 2 67.22).

 

Three Forms of First Thought mentions five steps in the ritual: robbing, baptizing, enthroning, glorifying, and rapturing. The last three steps, though they might have had earthly symbols, probably refer to what happened in a heavenly ascent. Sethian baptism “surpassed the heavens,” changing one’s status in heaven as well as on earth (Gosp. Eg. III, 2 63.24-25; 65.25). In later Sethian thought, a series of heavenly baptisms made the ideal Sethian into an angel and even a god.

 

The Seed of Seth recognized the distinctive character of their baptism and attacked the water rite of other Christians. They accused them of defiling “the water of life,” conforming it to the will of demons (Ap. Adam V,5 84.18-19; cf. Gosp. Judas 55.26-56.5). By contrast, three blessed angels presided over Sethian baptism. Their names were Micheus, Michar, and Mnesinous (Ap. Adam V,5 84.5-6; cf. Gosp. Eg. III, 2 64.15-16; Tri. Prot. XIII, 1 48.19.20). The first two names may be alterations of the archangel Michael and the prophet Micah. The meaning of Mnesinous seems to be “the Mind who recalls.” He may have had a role in reminding Sethian Christians of their true, spiritual identity. Sethian Christians invoked other names and pronounced celestial sounds to ensure the efficacy of their rites. (Ibid., 92-93)

 

Marcus (Valentinian Christian, c. 160 AD)

 

Baptism

 

Little is securely known about Marcus’s baptismal rite. It is possible that he recommended a second baptism called “redemption.” An initial baptism—perhaps received in other churches—was for the forgiveness of sins, but the second baptism granted perfection. Jesus alluded to a second baptism when he said, “I have another baptism to be baptized with” (Luke 12:50).

 

Irenaeus, our main witness here, did not make clear if he was speaking about distinctly Marcosian practice (he wanted to give the impression that Valentinians were at odds and disorganized). The bishop mentioned “other” Valentinians who used various formulae, for instance “[I baptize you] into the name of the unknown Father of the universe, into Truth, the Mother of all, into him who descended upon Jesus, into the union and redemption and participation of the powers” (Irenaeus, AH 1.21.3; cf. Eusebius, HE 4.11.5). Certain Hebrew phrases were also pronounced, along with a congregational response: “Peace be to all upon whom the Name rests” (Irenaeus, AH 1.21.3). (Recall that the Son is the Name of the Father in the Gospel of Truth). Irenaeus also note that Valentinians used fragrant oil in their baptisms and emphasized the importance of knowledge as they underwent the rite (Irenaeus, AH 1.21.3-4). (Ibid., 191-92)