Sunday, April 24, 2022

Excerpts from Pelagius' Commentary on Romans

English text used: Pelagius, Commentaries on the Thirteen Epistles of Paul with the Libellus Fidei (trans. Thomas P. Scheck; Ancient Christian Writers 76; New York: The Newman Press, 2022), hereafter “Scheck”

 

Latin text consulted: Alexander Souter, Pelagius's Exposition of Thirteen Epistles of St. Paul, II: Text and Apparatus Criticus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1926), hereafter “Souter”


Rom 1:23

 

Not into the likeness merely of a human being, but [into] the likeness of the image of a human being, . . . (Scheck, 51)

 

Cf. Ambrosiaster (Commentaries on Romans and 1-2 Corinthians, trans. Bray, 11): “Not into men, but what is worse and is an inexcusable offence, into the image of men.” (Scheck, 375 n. 14)

 

Rom 3:28

 

Some people misuse this passage for the abolition of works of justice. They assert that faith alone can be sufficient [for the baptized] (Abutuntur quidam hoc loco ad destructionem operum iustitiae, solam fidem [baptizato]) . . . He did not mean without the works of justice, about which blessed James says, “Faith without works is dead” [Jas 2:26]. But here he is speaking about the one who is coming to Christ and is saved by faith alone, as soon as he believes. But by adding works of the law, he shows that there is also a work of grace [which the baptized ought to undertake] (addendo autem 'operibus legis,' ostendit esse et[iam] gratiae opera[m] [quae debent facere baptizati]). (Scheck, 64; Souter, 34)

 

Rom 4:5

 

By faith alone God justifies the ungodly person converts, not by the good works he did not have (per solam fidem iustificat deus, non per opera bona quae non habuit) (Scheck, 65; Souter, 36)

 

Ambrosiaster uses the phrase “faith alone” repeatedly in this section of his commentary. (Scheck, 378 n. 41)

 

Rom 5:1

 

For Abraham was the first to be justified by faith alone (ex sola primum fide iustifactus est). (Scheck, 69; Souter, 41)

 

Wiles, Divine Apostle, 112n7, notes that Pelagius frequently uses the words “faith alone” without any qualification (cf. Rom 11:25; 2 Cor 5:19; Gal 1:3, 12; 2:2, 14, 17, 20; 3:5, 6, 14, 22, 26; 5:11; 6:16; Eph 2:8, 16; 3:11; Phil 3:3, 9; 4:11). But it is clear from his more detailed statements that he regards it as a first step which is of no value apart from the subsequent works” (cf. Rom 3:28; 4:5; 1 Cor 9:21; Gal 3:10). (Scheck, 378-79 n. 44)

 

Rom 5:12

 

“Wherefore as by one man sin entered into this world, and by sin death.” By example and model. Just as through Adam sin arrived, when it did not yet exist, so also, when justice remained in nearly no one, it was revived through Christ. And just as death entered through the sin of the former, so also life was restored through the justice of the latter. “And so [death] passed upon all people, in that (in quo) all have sinned.” As long as they sin in this way, in a similar way they die for it [i.e., death[ did not pass upon Abraham, Isaac [and Jacob], [of whom the Lrod says, “for all are alive in him” (Luke 2:30)]. But here he says that all are dead because, among the multitude of sinners, no exception is made for the few just ones, just as in this verse: “There is none that does good, no not one” [Ps 14:1; Rom 3:12], [and “every] person is a liar” [Ps 116:11; Rom 3:4]. Or: It passed upon all those who were living according to human, not heavenly observance. (Scheck, 71-72; Souter, 45)

 

In quo is the peculiar Old Latin rendering of the Greek εφ ω, which was incorporated into the Vulgate and interpreted as a relative clause “in whom” referring to humanity’s presence in Adam. The Greek construction clearly has a causal or condition sense. Pelagius understands Paul’s sense to be conditional: Adam’s descendants will die if they imitate him by sinning. De Bruyn, Pelagius’s Commentary on St. Paul’s Epsitle to the Romans, 92n23 observes that Pelagius’s view is not unlike Ambrosiaster’s in spite of the latter’s understanding that in quo means that all sinned in Adam “as in a lump.” “[Ambrosiaster] explained further that only physical death is the result of sinning in Adam, whereas spiritual death is the result of sinning like Adam” (italics in original). (Scheck, 380 n. 54)

 

Rom 6:3-7

 

6:3 “or do you not know this, [brethren]?” Or do you not know this very sacrament of baptism? “That all who are baptized in Christ Jesus.” Baptism is understood in three ways in the Scriptures: of water, of the Holy Spirit, who is also called “fire” [cf. >uke 3:16; Acts 1:5], and of blood in martyrdom, about which [our] Saviour said, “I have a baptism to be baptized” [Luke 12:50]. “We are baptized in his death.” So that we might die with him in baptism. 6:4 “For we were buried together with him through baptism into death that as Christ arose from the dead by the glory of the Father, so we also may walk in newness of life.” He shows that we are baptized on account of these things in such a way that, through the mystery, we are buried together with Christ, dying to sins and renouncing our former life. So just as [the Father] is glorified in the resurrection of the Son, so also he is honored by the newness of our manner of life, so that not even the signs of the old man [cf. Rom 6:6] might be known in us. For we should not want or wish for anything that those who are not yet baptized, and are still entangled in the errors of the old life, want or wish for. 6:5 “For if we have been planted together in the likeness of his death, at the same time we shall be in the likeness of his resurrection.” If we are buried with him now, then we shall also be able to be sharers in his resurrection, and if we have become new and changed in our manner of life, likewise shall we be new and changed in glory. 6:6 “Knowing this, that our old man.” Who was sinning by imitating the old earthly Adam [cf. 1 Cor 15:47]. “Was crucified together.” Understand that through baptism you who have been made a member of the body of Christ [cf. Eph 5:30] have been crucified with Christ. And he indeed hangs (adpendit) his innocent body, so that [you] might suspend (suspendas) your guilty body form the vices. In reference to this mystery, Moses suspends the bronze serpent in the desert [cf. Num 21:9; John 3:14]. “That the body of sin may be destroyed, to the end that we may serve sin no longer.” That is, so that all vices might be destroyed, since one vice is a member of sin, all [of them] are the body. For Christ was crucified not partially, but wholly. Or: That our body might be destroyed from servitude to sin, and what was accustomed to being [the possession] of sin might become the possession of justice. For “whoever commits sin is a salve of sin” [John 8:34]. 6:7 “For one who has died is justified (iustifactus) from sin.” That is, he has been alienated from sin; for a dead person does not sin at all. So also “he who is born of God, does not sin” [1 John 3:9]. For he shall scarcely be ale to sin since he has been crucified and all his members have been seized with pain (Hoc est, alienatus est a peccato: mortuus enim omnino non peccat. ita et 'qui natus est de deo, non peccat': cruci fixus enim, omnibus membris dolore occupatis, peccare uix poterit). (Scheck, 74-75; Souter, 50)

 

Rom 8:29

 

[For] whom he foreknew.” According to which he purposed to save by faith alone (sola fide salutare) those whom he foreknew would believe, and whom he called freely to salvation, how much more shall he glorify those who work [toward salvation] ([ad salutem] operantes). (Scheck 86; Souter, 68)

 

Rom 10:9

 

“That is you confess with our mouth the Lord Jesus, and believe in your hearts that God has raised him up from the dead.” The testimony of the heart is the confession of the mouth [cf. Rom 10:10]. “You shall be saved.” Form past transgressions, not future ones (A delictis praeteritis, not futuris). (Scheck, 95; Souter, 82)

 

Rom 15:4

 

By means of the solaces of the Scriptures (Per scripturarum solacia) we await with complete patience the coming hope, as it is written, “There is great peace to those who love your law, and there is no stumbling block for them” [Ps 119:165]. That is, those who take advantage of the consolation of the law cannot be shaken by any temptation. [Therefore], it is so that we may hope for consolation even in our present temptations through the examples of patience [and] consolation of those things that are written, and, as Lazarus [in the future] [cf. Luke 16:25]. For there is great cause of solace if we know that our Lord and his saints previously endured the things that we are suffering. (Scheck, 114-15; Souter, 113)

 

Rom 15:16

 

“That I should be the servant of Christ Jesus among the Gentiles.” Servant in the gospel; that is, summoning back to him slaves who had formerly run away. “Sanctifying the gospel of God.” Showing by my example that what I carry out with such great fear is a holy thing. For some despite as a human thing what they proclaim as divine, and thus it happens that the holy thing seems not to be holy, when it is not carried out in a holy way. [Whence it is said, “Sanctify the fast” [Joel 1:14]; that is, make it, or show it to be [holy]. “That the oblation of the Gentiles may be [made acceptable], sanctified in the Holy Spirit.” So, that by my example [and speech] the Gentiles may become a sacrifice acceptable to God, sanctified and received not with fire, but with the Holy Spirit, just as it is written that it “settled upon” the apostles “and various tongues as if of fire were seen by them” [Acts 2:3]. (Scheck, 116-17)