Wednesday, September 28, 2022

Excerpts from The Journal of Health, volume 1 (1829-1830)

I have been reading some works on 19th-century views of tobacco, alcohol, tea, and coffee. Here are some notes from:

The Journal of Health volume 1:

 

TOBACCO SMOKING.

 

The opinions which we have expressed in our third, eighth, and tenth numbers on tobacco-smoking, and snuff-taking, and the pointed enumeration of the evils which grow out o the use of this substance, render it needless for us to say much more on the present occasion. To these papers we would refer our correspondent, “A Victim of the Weed.” He has suffered enough to apprize him of his danger, without having his constitution entirely broken down, by what he admts to be a bad practice. He may be very sure, that if smoking now produce dizziness, tremors will not be far behind; and that a want of appetite for dinner will, ere long, be followed by its loss at other times, or it will be so depraved, that its calls cannot be received as a natural indication of the want of sustenance. It is the property of narcotics, whether opium or tobacco, if long persisted in, to weaken the tone of the skin, and lay it open to troublesome eruptions and itchings, which for the most part it is impossible to cure until the offending cause be withheld.

 

Experiments on animals show, that if a decoction of opium or tobacco be applied to the brain or spinal marrow, there is, at first, increased excitation of the heart, and ready contraction of the muscles: but, after a time, the circulation becomes more languid, and the muscles refuse to contract, under any irritant even directly applied to them. The person who uses much tobacco has his nervous system affected in the same way:--various secretions, or natural discharges, from the different surfaces and glans as of saliva from the mouth—mucus expectorated or coughed up from the lungs—the gastric or digestive juice from the stomach—bile from the liver, and so on, are, at first, all increased in quantity. But, after a time, under the prolonged excitation of this noxious agent, all these are diminished—the mouth is dry and parched—the breast feels hot, and there is often hoarseness and dry cough—the stomach is perverted in its office, and indigestion follows; and, finally the liver becoming sluggish and torpid, no longer secretes the due quantity of bile, and the complexion loses its freshness, if of a turbid hue, or decidedly jaundiced.

 

“A Victim of the Weed” is desirous of knowing whether he can, at once, abandon his pope and segars, or must part company in a gradual manner. Our advice is, to desist immediately and entirely from the use of tobacco in every form, and in any quantity, however small. Let him, with a full knowledge of the pains he has suffered, and the greater evils yet in store for him if fail to reform, resolutely and determinately say, “I will cease, from this hour, to smoke or take any, the slightest whiff.” He may feel distressed at the first withholding of a stimulus to which he had become, in a measure, accustomed; but this very feeling of languor and depression, from the deprivation of what neither added to his strength, nor was conducive to his nourishment, and which, so far from naturally exciting, invariably obtunds the senses, is a proof of its being an artificial want, the gratification of which keeps up a forced state of the animal economy, which, sooner or later, will sink as much below par, as it before hand risen above it. Independent of those feelings of a purely physical nature, from the first abandonment of a bad habit, there are others growing out of our moral and intellectual constitution, by which we feel uneasy and uncomfortable, and even irritable, at the accustomed hour. Hence the necessity of our seeking out either business or company of such a character as shall engage our attention, and somewhat interest our better feelings, at the witching hour when we used to resign ourselves to the dominion of evil, by falling into the snares of sensuality.

 

We rejoice that our other correspondent has, swayed by our former monitions, abandoned the practice of chewing, and that he can now sign himself “A Reformer.” (“Tobacco Smoking,” The Journal of Health 1, no. 14 [March 24, 1830]: 219-20)

 

M’ALLISTER’S DISSERTATION ON TOBACCO.

 

We have read with much pleasure a Dissertation on the use and abuse of Tobacco, by Doctor.M’Allister. It is a judicious summary of the existing information on a topic to which the bad taste and folly of man have given most melancholy importance.

 

The author first examines the effects of tobacco on the animal economy, when it has been prescribed as a medicine; and he arrives at the following conclusion. “That few substances are capable of exerting effects to sudden and destructive as this poisonous plant. Prick the skin on a mouse with a needle, the point of which has been dipped in the essential oil of tobacco, and immediately it swells and dies. Introduce a piece of common “twist,” as large as a kidney bean, into the mouth of a robust man, unaccustomed to this weed; soon he is affected with fainting, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and loss of vision; at length the surface becomes deadly pale, the cold sweat gathers thick upon his brow, the pulse flutters, or ceases to beat, a universal tremor comes on with slight spasms, and other symptoms or dissolution. As an emetic, few articles can compare with it for the promptness and efficiency of its operation; at the same time there are none which produce such universal debility.”

 

“If such be a fair statement of its effects on the human system; if it requires all the skill of the most experienced practitioner to guard against those sudden depressions, which uniformly follow its use when administered with the utmost circumspection; and if, with all this caution, its operation is still followed by the most alarming, and even fatal consequences; what shall we say of those who habitually subject their constitution to the destructive influence of this worse than Bohon Upas?” . . . Under the head of chewing, we find the following examples of its pernicious tendency:--“A clergyman of high standing informed me that he acquired the habit of using tobacco in college, and had continued the practice for a number of years; but found, by experience, his health materially impaired; being often affected with sickness, lassitude, and faintness. His muscles also became flabby and lost their tone, and his speaking was seriously interrupted by an elongation of the uvula. His brother, and intelligent physician, advised the discontinuance of his tobacco. He laid it aside. Nature, freed from its depressing influence, soon gave signs of returning vigour. His stomach resumed its wonted tone, his muscles acquired their former elasticity, and his speaking was no more annoyed by a relaxation of the azygus uvulae.

 

“A respectable man of my acquaintance, about forty years of age, who commenced chewing tobacco at the age of eighteen, was for a long time annoyed by depression of spirits, which increased until it became a settled melancholy, with great emaciation, and the usual symptoms of that miserable disease. All attempts to relieve him proved unavailing, until he was persuaded to dispense with his quid. Immediately his spirits revived, his countenance lost its dejection, his flesh increased, and he soon regained his health. Another man who used tobacco very sparingly, became affected with loss of appetite, sickness at stomach, emaciation, and melancholy. From a conviction that even the small quantity he chewed was the source of this trouble, he entirely left it off, and very soon recovered.

 

“I was once acquainted with a learned, respectable, and intelligent physician, who informed me, that from his youth he had been accustomed to the use of this baneful plant, both by smoking and chewing. At length, after using it very freely while indisposed, he was suddenly seized with an alarming vertigo, which, without doubt, was the result of this destructive habit. This afflicting complaint was preceded by the usual symptoms which accompany a disordered stomach, and a relaxation of nerves, with which, gentlemen, you are too familiar to need a description here. After the application of a variety of remedies to little or no purpose, he quit the deleterious practice, and though his vertigo continued long and obstinate, he has nearly or quite recovered his former health. And he has never doubted but the use of tobacco was the cause of all his suffering in this disagreeable disease. Many more cases might be cited, but sufficient has been said to establish the doctrine here laid down.” (“M’Allister’s Dissertation on Tobacco,” The Journal of Health 1, no. 21 [July 14, 1830]:329, 330-31)

 

THE WATER AND WINE DRINKER CONTRASTED

 

The water drinker glides tranquilly through life, without much exhilaration or depression, and escapes many diseases to which he would otherwise be subject.

 

The wine drinker experiences short but vivid periods of rapture, and long intervals of gloom; he is also more subject to disease. The balance of enjoyment, then, turns decidedly in favour of the water drinker, leaving out his temporal prosperity and future anticipations; and the nearer we keep to this regiment, the happier we shall be.—Dr. Jas. Johnson. (“The Water and Wine Drinker Contrasted,” The Journal of Health 1, no. 23 [August 11, 1830]: 368)

 

Mr. M’Naughton very plausibly supposes that the system here, as in the cases of hibernating animals, lived on its own resources. When the body is emaciated, the fatty part is taken up by the absorbents, and conveyed into the blood—the chief condition for which state of things, to be carried on without causing delirium, raging fever, and death, is a supply of water to dissolve and dilute the saline and alkaline fluids. No other drink would answer the same intention in cases of abstinence from all solid food: strong drinks would consume the vital powers, inflame the digestive canal, and prevent absorption taking place.—The nutritive, so called, as porter, beer, and the like, would oppress the brain, cause fever and stupefaction, and dropsy. Hence we still repeat, that water is the only fitting drink. By what other single liquid, the result of distillation, or fermentation, or combination of liquids, could life be sustained, for a fifth part of the above time, without intolerable torment? (“Living on Water,” The Journal of Health 1, no. 24 [August 25, 1830]: 368)