Friday, September 23, 2022

Harold W. Attridge on "Flesh" and "Spirit" in the Dead Sea Scrolls

  

FLESH AND SPIRIT IN THE SCROLLS

 

While attempts at comparison between John and the Scrolls continue to be debated, the analysis of the Scrolls themselves has progressed considerably, driven largely by the publication of the fragment materials from Cave IV, as well as the analysis of the redactional development of important Scrolls such as 1QS. For our purposes, the most interesting result of that line of investigation has been the focus on the sapiential texts labelled 1Q/4QInstruction (1Q26; 4Q415-418a; 4Q423). Jörg Frey’s analysis of critical passages in these texts (4Q418 81 1-2; 4Q416 1 10-13; 4Q417 1 I 6-7; 4Q4a6 I 16, associated with ysr bśr) demonstrates the early development of a distinctive use of the term “flesh,” unparalleled in traditional biblical language. “Flesh” in this usage refers to the condition of humankind mired in sin and alienated from God. The usage is echoed in some of the major Scrolls, such as 1QHaV, 30-33, which refers to the “spirit of flesh” (rwḥ bśr); 1QHaVII, 34-35, which opposes flesh and spirit; and 1QHaXII, 30-31, which emphasizes the connection of flesh and sin. Similar uses appear in the hymnic material at the conclusion of the Scrolls of the Rule, 1QS XI, 7, where bśr seems to have a social referent to the people outside the community, and 1QS XI, 9-10, where the connection of flesh with evil, faithlessness, iniquity, sin, and depravity is emphasized. As Frey argues, it seems likely that the innovative usage emerged in sapiential circles prior to the development of the sectarian community represented by 1QS and related documents. Moreover, the further dualistic schemes, with their cosmic and psychological dimensions that are found in the “Treatise on the Two Spirits” (1QS III, 13-IV, 26) embedded in one redaction of 1QS, present a framework for making sense of the anthropology implied in the new assembly of flesh.” The contention that the basic usage is a development of presectarian Jewish sapiential reflection may be confirmed by the presence of the negative attitude toward “flesh” in other texts of Second Temple Judaism such as T. Judah 19.4; T. Zebulun 9.7-8; and Life of Adam and Eve 25.3 (see Frey, “Flesh and Spirit,” 400-2).

 

Tracing the development of this usage as a way of describing the condition of sinful humanity is intrinsically interesting, but may also provide some useful background for developments in early Christianity. Frey, at least, argues that the distinctive use of “flesh” in Paul as a way of referring to humanity in its sinfulness (e.g., Gal 5:16-17; Rom 8:5-8) derives from Jewish sapiential usage, to which Paul may have been exposed as a student in Jerusalem (ibid., 402-4, relying on Acts 22:3 and 26:4-5 for Paul’s academic career). A direct link from Paul to Essene sectarians attested at Qumran need not therefore be assumed, but the texts of the Dead Sea Scrolls may indeed be relevant to one distinctive expression of early Christianity. (Harold W. Attridge, “Flesh and Spirit in John and Qumran Revisited,” Biblical Essays in Honor of Daniel J. Harrington, SJ, and Richard J. Clifford, SJ: Opportunity For No Little Instruction, ed. Christopher G. Frechette, Christopher R. Matthews, and Thomas D. Stegman [New York: Paulist Press, 2014], 222-24)

 

With respect to the 3 pseudepigraphic works referenced above, here they are quoted (taken from the 2-volume Old Testament Pseudepigrapha set):

 

Testament of Judah 19:4

 

The prince of error blinded me, and I was ignorant—as a human being, as flesh, in my corrupt sins—until I learned of my own weakness after supposing myself to be invincible.

 

Testament of Zebulun 9:7-8:

 

And thereafter you will remember the Lord and repent, and he will turn you around because he is merciful and compassionate; he does not bring a charge at wickedness against the sons of men, since they are flesh and the spirits of deceit lead them astray in all their actions. And thereafter the Lord himself will arise upon you, the light of righteousness with healing and compassion in his wings. He will liberate every captive of the sons of men from Beliar, and every spirit of error will be trampled down. He will turn all nations to being zealous for him. And you shall see [God in a human form], he whom the Lord will choose: Jerusalem is his name

 

Life of Adam and Eve 25:3

 

And I saw a chariot like the wind and its wheels were fiery. I was carried off into the Paradise of righteousness, and I saw the LORD sitting and his appearance was unbearable flaming fire. And many thousands of angels were at the right and at the left of the chariot.