Wednesday, January 25, 2023

Misspellings and other issues in some of the Bark Kokhba Documents

  

P.Yadin 50.  The letters of this hand lean oddly forward; a resh sometimes looks like a nun, and a peh is extraordinary as a closed loop. Nonstandard orthography includes שבה for שבתא, a backformation with “slippage” of status, since the context demands the meaning “the Sabbath.” Similarly, one finds פרענת for expected פרענתא or פרענו. This is either a defectively spelled Hebraism (i.e., פרענות), or an “erroneous” Aramaic form (again, an issue of status).

. . .

P.Yadin 54. Written carelessly, this letter displays a large variety of letter-forms, and in varying sizes. These characteristics suggest a practiced but nonprofessional writer. Nonstandard spellings are numerous, including סלם for שלם (!), virtually inconceivable for a trained scribe, not unlike a modern writer misspelling “cat.” The word התשכו for אשתחכו lacks standard metathesis, uses a heh for expected aleph, and leaves out the heth. The word תחדון renders תאחדון, and תיעבדון, תעבדון (ad aurem). (Michael Owen Wise, Language and Literacy in Roman Judaea: A Study of the Bark Kokhba Documents [The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library; New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015], 252, 253)

 

A final feature of the phonology of these texts is the nasalization of final open syllables (at least in certain cases). The name “Judah,” for example, not infrequently gets spelled “Judan” by nonprofessional writers. For our purposes, the best representation of this tendency, clearly a feature of living speech, may be the name John b Ba’yah. The patronym is sometimes spelled בעיה (P.Yadin 53:2), but often the nasalization that speakers heard is present in the writing: Βειανου (P.Yadin 26:3 and 52:2) and בעין (P.Yadin 49:2, 50:2, 51:2 and 56;1). This nasalization also explains, by the way, the English name Siloam as in the Siloam Tunnel. The Hebrew of the toponym in the MT of isa 8:6 is שִׁלחַ. The nasalized form familiar to us derives from the LXX transliteration of the name Σιλωαμ. The translation of the Book of Isaiah into Greek is commonly placed in the first half of the second century B.C.E. If this dating is correct, then the nasalization of (at least certain) final open syllables antedates the Hebrew of our texts by nearly three hundred years. Jerome did not know the phenomenon, however, evidently not encountering it in the language of his Jewish informants in the fourth century C.E. He represented Siloam as Siloa (Vulgate). This nasalization is also absent, of course, from the languages of the Masoretes. (Ibid., 266)