Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Suzanne Nicholson on the Ontological Existence of "other gods and lords" and 1 Corinthians 8


In Second Temple Judaism, “demons” had (1) ontological existence and (2) were seen as divinities (albeit, they were in the bottom rung of the hierarchy of divinities).

Suzanne Nicholson, commenting on 1 Cor 8:4-6 and 10:19-20, affirmed that Paul was teaching the ontological existence of such lesser divinities, and were “nothing” in a relational sense to the Father and Son, not that they lacked ontological existence:

Christians, because of their exclusive faith in the one God, must not allow themselves to become united with any spiritual being other than God (10:21-22). Although Paul does not explicitly use “one God” language here, he has in mind the statement from 8:4-6. In 10:19, ειδωλοθυτον refers back to the discussion of chapter 8, as does the question of whether an idol is anything. In 8:4 Paul agrees with the strong that an idol is “nothing,” but here he clearly states than an ειδωλοθυτον is actually sacrifices to demons. Although it may appear on the surface that Paul is inconsistent, the way he structures his sentences gives us a clue to his intent. After saying that idols are nothing in 8:4, Paul goes on to state in 8:6 that “for us” there is one God and one Lord. In other words, whatever the true ontological status of these other “gods” and “lords,” Christians recognize only one God and one Lord as the God of all reality. thus, 8:4 is actually a relational statement, not an ontological one. This is why Paul feels perfectly comfortable stating in 10:20 that behind these “nothing” idols lurk real spiritual powers. They are not “gods” in any sense of the Christian understanding—only one God has created the world and has the power to sustain it and rule over it. But nonetheless these demonic powers can influence Christians and so should be avoided. (Suzanne Nicholson, Dynamic Oneness: The Significance and Flexibility of Paul’s One-God Language [Eugene, Oreg.: Pickwick Publications, 2010], 45)

On the ontological existence of demons in New Testament theology and the Apostolic Fathers, see the following articles by Thomas Farrar (himself a former Christadelphian [a group that rejects the ontological existence of Satan and demons]):

‘When an unclean spirit goes out of a person’: An Assessment of the Accommodation Theory of Demon Possession and Exorcism in the Synoptic Gospels

Satanology and Demonology in the Apostolic Fathers: A Response to Jonathan Burke