Tuesday, April 14, 2020

Old and New World Execution by Hanging and Zemnarihah's Execution in 3 Nephi 4


In 3 Nephi 4:27-29, we read:

And there were many thousands who did yield themselves up prisoners unto the Nephites, and the remainder of them were slain. And their leader, Zemnarihah, was taken and hanged upon a tree, yea, even upon the top thereof until he was dead. And when they had hanged him until he was dead they did fell the tree to the earth, and did cry with a loud voice, saying: May the Lord preserve his people in righteousness and in holiness of heart, that they may cause to be felled to the earth all who shall seek to slay them because of power and secret combinations, even as this man hath been felled to the earth.

On Zemnarihah’s hanging, John Tvedtnes noted the following parallels to Old World texts:

One of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Temple Scroll (also called 11Q19) calls for execution of a spy--one who defects to another nation and curses his own people, or one who "betrays his people to a foreign nation or causes evil against his people"--by hanging (Temple Scroll [11Q19], col. LXIV, lines 6-13). The Israelites who joined themselves to their enemies, the Midianites, in the worship of the false god Baal-Peor and were hanged by Moses fi this description of a traitor (see Numbers 25:1-9).

The Gadianton band led by Zemnarihah consisted of dissenters who had turned against the Nephites (see Helaman 11:24-26; 3 Nephi 1:27-28). In Gadianton's day they had fled the land to avoid being apprehended for their treasonous acts in killing the chief judge Pahoran and attempting to slay his successor, Helaman (see Helaman 2:11). Because of this flight, they fit the description found in the Temple Scroll of the man who "escapes amongst the nations." Giddianhi, Zemnarihah's predecessor as leader of the band, admitted that his people had dissented from the Nephites (see 3 Nephi 3:9011). It is also of interest that Giddianhi swore "with an oath" to destroy the Nephites (3 Nephi 3:8), clearly plotting evil against the people as also mentioned in the Temple Scroll. His successor's execution by hanging is entirely in line with early Jewish law. (John A. Tvedtnes, "Ancient Texts in Support of the Book of Mormon," in Donald W. Parry, Daniel C. Peterson, and John W. Welch, eds. Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon [Provo, Utah: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 2002], 231-60, here, pp. 250-51

On the topic of hanging in Mesoamerica, Brant Gardner wrote:

There is little information on hangings among Mesoamericans, but a late Classic Period (A.D. 250-600) mural from Mulchic, Yucatan, shows a man hanging by the neck from a tree. Liquid coming from the mouth suggests that the man was alive when hanged. The mural was painted long after the Book of Mormon’s close, but it does suggest that hanging was a known form of execution in the New World. (Brant A. Gardner, Second Witness: Analytical and Contextual Commentary on the Book of Mormon, Volume 5: Helaman Through Third Nephi [Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books, 2007], 268)

Here is the mural from Mulchic, Yucatan:



It is taken from: