Tuesday, April 14, 2020

Some notes on 1 Nephi 22:15 and Malachi 4:1


This is a super rough draft of a topic I hope to expand upon in the near future.

According to some critics, 1 Nephi 22:15 anachronistically uses Malachi 4:1. Here are the two texts in question:

For behold, saith the prophet, the time cometh speedily that Satan shall have no more power over the hearts of the children of men; for the day soon cometh that all the proud and they who do wickedly shall be as stubble; and the day cometh that they must be burned. (1 Nephi 22:15)

For, behold, the day cometh, that shall burn as an oven; and all the proud, yea, and all that do wickedly, shall be stubble: and the day that cometh shall burn them up, saith the Lord of hosts, that it shall leave them neither root nor branch. (Mal 4:1)

Personally, I believe a better case can be made that Nephi is quoting the words of a now-lost prophetic writing (e.g., that of Zenos; Neum; Zenoch, or Ezaias—prophets mentioned in the Book of Mormon from the Old World but whose writings are no longer extant)

Parallel #1: 1 Nephi 22:15: "For behold . .. the time cometh"
Malachi 4:1: "For behold, the day cometh . . . "

This is a superficial parallel. Why? The phrase “for behold” is very common in the Book of Mormon (260 occurrences in 251 verses) and in the KJV (28 occurrences in 28 verses). The idea of an oracle giving a prediction of a then-future event is not unique to Malachi, so those who rely on this parallel are engaging in parallelomania.

Indeed, this formula is evidence against, not for, borrowing from Malachi. Notice how a similar introductory formula is used for the prophet Zenos in chapter 19:

19:11: For thus spake the prophet
19:12: saith the prophet Zenos
19:13: saith the prophet
19:15: saith the prophet
19:17: saith the prophet
19:24: Hear ye the words of the prophet

In context, “the prophet” in 1 Nephi 22:15, in light of the many dis-similarities between the Malachi text and Nephi’s, would indicate Nephi is quoting a now-lost writing, perhaps that of Zenos, who is quoted in great length in Jacob 5.

Parallel #2 1 Nephi 22:15: “the time cometh . . . the day soon cometh that all the proud and they who do wickedly shall burn as stubble . . . “
Malachi 4:1: “the day cometh . . . all the proud, yea, and all that do wickedly, shall be stubble, and the day that cometh shall burn them up . . .”

This is a much better parallel, though it is far from proof, as one critic has stated, of the Book of Mormon formally quoting Malachi. Why? True, there is some interesting overlap; notwithstanding, there are significant differences, one that creates problems for the argument of the critics. Why? Even bracketing Book of Mormon historicity, the author of 1-2 Nephi, both before and after this text, when they quote from the Old Testament, does so in large chunks that are much more verbatim (the obvious examples being the Isaiah chapters in 1-2 Nephi).

Further, there are shared elements in the Nephi and Malachi text in other extant Old Testament texts, including:

Behold, they shall be as stubble; the fire shall burn them; they shall not deliver themselves from the power of the flame: there shall not be a coal to warm at, nor fire to sit before it. (Isa 47:14)

Not only does the Isaiah text have mention of fire and those consumed being “as stubble,” it also has a similar introductory formula (“Behold . . .”).

In light of “fire” and related concepts appearing in eschatological texts (e.g., Zech 13:9; 1 Cor 3:11-15) in the Bible, a better theory is that Malachi and Nephi are both dependent upon a shared tradition/textual source.