Tuesday, June 16, 2026

Wilford Woodruff Sanctioning a Plural Marriage After 1890 and it being tied into the concept of "raising up seed" (cf. Jacob 2:30)

Commenting on Wilford Woodruff, Amy Langford noted that:

 

Woodruff did, however, verbally sanction at least one more plural marriage after 1890. Abraham H. Cannon’s brother David had recently died unmarried and childless. Concerned that his brother’s soul would be denied familial companionship in the hereafter, Cannon contemplated taking a plural wife with whom he could “rais[e] up seed by her.” Any children Cannon and his plural wife bore would then be sealed to his deceased brother. In October 1894, Cannon sought the advice of the First Presidency–which included his father George Q. Cannon. President Woodruff and Counselor Smith both assured Cannon “they were willing for such a ceremony to occur, if done in Mexico, and Pres. Woodruff promised the Lord’s blessing to follow such an act.” The sanction of the First Presidency thus secured, Cannon married Lilian Hamlin as his fourth wife in June 1896. (Amy Langford, “Saints on the Border: Plural Marriage, Power, and the Remaking of the Latter-day Saints on the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1885-1925” [PhD Dissertation; Washington D. C.: American University, 2022], 127)

 

Langford makes reference to the journal entries for October 19, 24, and 27, 1894, in the journal of Abraham H. Cannon.

 

The following comes from:

 

Candid Insights of a Mormon Apostle: The Diaries of Abraham H. Cannon, 1889-1895, ed. Edward Leo Lyman (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2010)

 

October 19, 1894:

 

[October 19, 1894; Friday] At noon I went to a meeting of Cannon, Grant & Co., at which it was decided to send some notes back east for rediscount, which we can obtain from the State and Zion’s Savings Bank. We are to obtain $65,000 from each of them. I also had a talk with Father about the Juvenile [Instructor] business, which made him feel somewhat discouraged because of our heavy indebtedness. I told him we are doing our best to keep up our expenses, and get a little ahead. We had a talk with the Presidency about the History of Utah, and they gave Bishop Whitney notice ( hat I hey were through with him so far as writing on it is concerned, now that he has finished the third volume. I suggested that we hire a cheaper man, and a better worker to write the biographies for the fourth volume. It was thought that this will be the best thing to do.

 

Father also spoke to me about taking some good girl and raising up seed by her for my brother David. He mentioned the daughter of Theophilus Davis, who has said she will never marry at all unless I become her husband, but I told him I knew but little of her character. He told me to think the matter over, and speak to him later about it. Such a ceremony as this could be performed in Mexico, so Pres. Woodruff has said. ...

 

Frank Q. Cannon] spoke on Republican principles in the theater this evening. He had a crowded house, and spoke very well so I am told. (p 562)

 

 

October 24, 1894:

 

[October 24, 1894; Wednesday] I went to the President’s Office and [talked to] Father about taking a wife for David. I told him David had taken Annie[,] [both sons’] cousin, through the [temple] veil in life, and suggested she might be a good person [to be] sealed to him for eternity. The suggestion pleased Father very much, and Angus [M. Cannon, who] was there. He [George Q. Cannon] spoke to him [Angus M. Cannon] about it in the presence of the Presidency. [Angus would] not object providing [his daughter] Annie is willing. The Presidents Woodruff and Smith both said they were willing for such a ceremony to occur, if done in Mexico, and Pres. Woodruff promised the Lord’s blessing to follow such an act. Father said Uncle Angus should sound Annie on the matter, and I was willing to leave it in that way. The feelings of Uncle Angus are not very pleasant today, as Dr. Lyon tells him that Jesse’s eye must come out, or he may lose his other eye, and perhaps his life. I have not been able to feel this way, but believe the Lord will heal him, if he and those about him will exercise faith. I am therefore opposed to the operation. Jesse came to my [prayer] Circle at six o’clock, where I had opened with prayer, and Orson F. Whitney was mouth at the altar. The latter anointed him, and Bros. Robert Patrick and W[illiam] L. N. Binder and myself in turn sealed the anointing. I also went to Uncle Angus’ with Bro. Stevenson after the Circle and administered to him. Several promises have been made him of his complete recovery, if he will have faith, and I believe these promises will be fulfilled. The Presidency would give Uncle Angus no counsel as to what he should do in the case [of Jesse’s eye], but thought he ought to follow the feelings of his own heart, and these seem to be to have the eye removed. I protest against it in my feelings. (pp. 563-64)

 

 

October 27, 1894:

 

[October 27, 1894; Saturday] I had a talk with Uncle Angus [M. Cannon] about his daughter Ann, and he gave me full and free permission to ask her to become the wife of my brother David, and seemed to wish that she would look favorably on the proposition, though he did not want to influence her in the least against her own will. He said he would give her counsel if she desired it. (pp. 564-65)

 

Stephen O. Smoot on Joseph Smith-History 1:13 and Joseph Smith's Motivications for Seeking God in Prayer

  

1:13 Joseph’s primary motivation to seek God in prayer in this account is to resolve his confusion over which denomination to join. In the 1832 history (JS1832) the emphasis is on Joseph seeking forgiveness for his sins. These motives are not mutually exclusive. Besides the obvious fact that one of the main reasons people join a particular religious denomination over another is precisely to achieve a sense of salvation and an assurance of eternal security, historians have pointed out how these two categories had conceptual overlap in conversion accounts (especially Methodist accounts) contemporary with the Prophet. Both motivations could be true at the same time: confused and dismayed over the religious divisions of his day (and even in his own family, which was religiously split), Joseph felt insecure and unsure about his eternal standing before God and so sought wisdom about which church to join to find some assurance that he would achieve salvation. (The Pearl of Great Price: A Study Edition for Latter-day Saints, ed. Stephen O. Smoot [rev ed.; Lehi, Utah: Scripture Central; Orem, Utah: The Interpreter Foundation, 2025], 115-16)

 

Radak (David Kimhi) on Hosea 14:2 (Hebrew: v. 3)

  

Radak on Hosea 14:3:1

קחו עמכם דברים.  איני שואל מכם בתשובה לא כסף וזהב לא עולות אלא דברים טובים שתתודו בהם עונותיכם ושובו אל ה' בכל לבבכם ולא בשפתים בלבד או פירושו אחר שתשובו תתודו לפניו: 

 

Radak on Hosea 14:3:2

ואמרו אליו. כלומר אמרו לפניו כדברים האלה וכיוצא בהם: 

 

Radak on Hosea 14:3:3

כל תשא עון. כל עון תשא והוא הפוך כמו מקום שם קבר שהוא כמו מקום קבר שם או פירושו לכל תשא עון וקח טוב וקח דבר טוב או לב טוב: 

 

Radak on Hosea 14:3:4

ונשלמה פרים שפתינו. במקום פרים נשלמה לפניך וידוי שפתינו כי אתה רוצה בדברי תשובה יותר כי אין הקרבנות מועילות בלא וידוי העון כי בכלם נאמר והתודה אשר חטא ובשעיר המשתלח לא היה אלא וידוי דברים כי לא היה קרב ממנו דבר על גבי המזבח אלא הוידוי כמו שנאמר והתודה עליו את כל עונות בני ישראל וגומר: (source)

 

 

Radak on Hosea 14:3:1
Take words with you”—I am not asking of you, in repentance, for silver or gold, nor burnt offerings, but rather good words, with which you will confess your sins, and return to the Lord with all your heart and not with lips alone. Or the meaning is: after you return, you shall confess before Him.

 

Radak on Hosea 14:3:2
And say to Him”—that is, say before Him words like these and the like.

 

Radak on Hosea 14:3:3
All iniquity take away”—that is, may You bear all iniquity. The word order is reversed, like “the place where the grave was”, which is like “the place of the grave there.” Or the meaning is: for all iniquity You bear, and take what is good, or a good heart.

 

Radak on Hosea 14:3:4
So we will offer the bulls of our lips”—in place of bulls, we will offer before You the confession of our lips, for You desire words of repentance more, because sacrifices are of no avail without confession of sin; for with all of them it is said, “and he shall confess the sin he has committed.” And in the case of the scapegoat, there was nothing but verbal confession, for nothing was brought from it upon the altar except the confession, as it is said: “And he shall confess over it all the iniquities of the children of Israel,” etc.

 

Ibn Ezra on Hosea 14:2 (Hebrew: v. 3)

  

Ibn Ezra on Hosea 14:3:1

קחו - איננו מבקש מכם כאשר תלכו לבקש רצונו הון, או עולות, רק דברים שתודו כדרך ונשא השעיר עליו. אמר רבי מרינוס: כל תשא עון הפוך כל עון תשא. והנכון: כל אשר תשא עונינו - נשוב. 

 

Ibn Ezra on Hosea 14:3:2

וקח טוב - מעולה או הדיבור הטוב שנוכל לומר לפניך, והטעם להתודות. ורבי יוסף אמר: מיעוט מעשים טובים. 

 

Ibn Ezra on Hosea 14:3:3

ונשלמה - שלום פרים, כמו: כי הכית את אויבי לחי, שפירושו: מכת לחי או חסר כ"ף והזכיר פרים, כי הם גדולים והיקרים בעולה וזהו שתאמרו. (source)

 

 

Ibn Ezra on Hosea 14:3:1
Take”—He is not asking of you, when you go to seek His favor, wealth or burnt offerings, but only words by which you will acknowledge your guilt, as in the way, “and the goat shall bear it upon him.” Rabbi Marinus said: the phrase ‘You shall bear iniquity’ is inverted in meaning, like ‘every iniquity you shall bear.’ And the correct explanation is: ‘All that You bear for our iniquity—we shall return.’

 

Ibn Ezra on Hosea 14:3:2
And take good”—either excellent [words], or the good speech that we can say before You; and the meaning is to confess. And Rabbi Joseph said: [it means] a small amount of good deeds.

 

Ibn Ezra on Hosea 14:3:3
And we shall repay”—[meaning] peace of bulls, like ‘for You have struck all my enemies on the cheek,’ whose meaning is: a blow on the cheek; or there is an omitted kaf [i.e., “as”]. And he mentions bulls, because they are the greatest and most valuable of the burnt offerings; and this is what you shall say.

 

The Artscroll English Tanach on Hosea 14:2 (Hebrew: v. 3)

  

An essential part of repentance is that one feel remorse for his past failings and sincerely resolve to improve. Thus the penitent begins by begging God to look favorably upon his good intentions and to accept the prayers, confession, and pledges of his lips in place of, and as more worthy than, fatted bulls as offerings, which may look superficially impressive but are lacking in inner context. (The Artscroll English Tanach, Stone Edition: The Jewish Bible with Insights from Classical Rabbinic Thought [New York: Artscroll Mesorah Publications, Ltd., 2011], 868)

 

Monday, June 15, 2026

Joseph F. Fantin on Pauline Authorship of Ephesians: Arguments Based on Vocabulary and Style

  

First, arguments based on vocabulary and style prove nothing more than that the vocabulary and style differ. They say little about authorship. There are many factors that need to be considered before accepting this argument. First, it is clear that Paul used secretaries in his letter-writing process (e.g. Rom. 16.22). This was a common practice in Paul’s day. Recent research suggests that letter writers used secretaries in different ways and gave them varying degrees of control over the final product. What impact does this have when comparing a personally written letter with one written with a secretary? I acknowledge that function words (e.g. conjunctions, prepositions, etc.). could be used to reveal similarities and differences in style, which may lead to decisions on authorship. Function words are used rather uniformly by a single author. However, again, this may reveal only different secretaries. Second, in general, context dictates the choice of non-function word vocabulary. The emphases of the undisputed Paulines are quite different from those of Ephesians. Therefore, differences in vocabulary would be expected. Third, there is a gap in time between the writing of Ephesians and most of the undisputed Paulines. This should result in some difference in vocabulary and style. Fourth, even granting that these factors can contribute to a decision about authorship, there is no remotely objective means of establishing how much difference in vocabulary and style would be needed to demonstrate different writers. To my knowledge no major study has been undertaken to provide criteria for this type of claim. Such a study would need to begin by choosing undisputed works by (preferably ancient) authors writing within a single field but concerning different subjects over a period of time. Each author’s work would need to be subjected to vocabulary and style comparisons similar to those that the disputed Pauline epistles have undergone. Only after many such authors are studied would one have any kind of external criteria for determining whether a document is not authentic. Of course, there are still questions of secretaries and other unique elements in Paul’s work not factored into the proposed study. Nevertheless, it is a start to be able to use this criterion of vocabulary and style as a determining factor in this debate. (Joseph F. Fantin, The Lord of the Entire World: Lord Jesus, a Challenge to Lord Caesar? [New Testament Monographs 31; Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2011], 277-78)

 

Isaac Abarbanel (1437-1508) on Malachi 1:11

 Source


 

Abarbanel on Malachi 1:11:1

כי ממזרח שמש עד מבואו וגו' עד ואמרתם הנה מתלאה: חז"ל בתנחומא (אחרי ט) פי' זה הפסוק על תפלת המנחה ופי' ובכל מקום מוקטר מוגש לשמי על כל תפלות ישראל, וג"כ דרשוה על הת"ח העוסקים בתורה בהלכות עבודה בכל מקום מעלה אני עליהם כאלו מקטירים ומגישים לשמי שנ' זאת התורה לעולה למנחה זאת התורה לא עולה ולא מנחה. וכן ת"י ובכל עידן דאתון עבדין רעותי אני מקבל צלותכון ושמי רבא מתקדש על ידיכון וצלותכו כקרבן דכיא קדמי. ורש"י פי' הפסוק הזה ע"פ דרכם ז"ל ולמה אתם מחללים שמי והלא גדול הוא בגוים ואני אהבתי וחייבתי עליכם שבכ"מ שאתם מתפללים לפני אף בגולה מוקטר ומוגש הוא לשמי ומנחה טהורה היא לי כי על ידכם גדול שמי בגוים ואתם מחללים אותי, הנה פי' הפסוק כולו מההקטרה וההגשה והמנחה על ישראל. והראב"ע פי' הפסוק כולו על אומות העולם שממזרח שמש ועד מבואו שהם שתי קצוות הארץ ממזרח למערב שם היישוב כולו, ואינו כן מצפון לדרום איננו מיושב כולו, בכל מקום מהיישוב אלו צויתי אותם כמו שצויתי אתכם היו מקטירים ומגישים לפני קרבנות ומנחה טהורה לא כמו שאתם עושים שמגישים על מזבחי לחם מגואל ולזה הפי' נמשך הרד"ק. והנה לפי' רש"י יחסר הנושא ולפי' הראב"ע יחסר התנאי העצמי, לפי שהכתוב אומר גדול שמי בגוים ובכל מקום מוקטר מוגש ואם זה על ישראל נאמר כדבריהם ז"ל היה ראוי שיזכור שבכל מקום מוקטר מוגש תפלותיהם של ישראל או תורת החכמים העוסקים בדיני עבודה, וכן לפי הראב"ע יחסר התנאי העצמי שהוא ובכל מקום מוקטר מוגש אילו צויתי אותם על כך כמו שצויתי אתכם. ומפני זה שני הפירושים האלה לא יתכנו כפי הפשט.

 

Abarbanel on Malachi 1:11:2

אבל האמת בפשט הכתוב הזה הוא שבעבור שהיה הקב"ה מוכיח את הכהנים שהיו מבזים שמו ומגישים על מזבחו לחם מגואל, אמר להם היה לכם ללמוד מדרכי הגוים שעם היות שלא ראו אור התורה הנה בראותם עוצם התנועה היומית שמתנועע הגלגל הראשון ממזרח למערב בכל יום הם מפאת עיונם וחקירתם מאמינים שיש סבה ראשונה לכל הסבות הרוכב בשמי שמי קדם מניע הגלגל ההוא בתעצומו ורומו ומגדלים ומרוממים אותו ועושים עבודות והקטרות היותר נקיות וטהרות שאפשר לפי דעתם לפניו, ואין אחד מהם שיכפור במציאות הסבה הראשונה ומעלתו ושלימותו לפי שראו שהשתלשלות הסבות לבלתי תכלית הוא שקר ושכל המתנועע יש לו מניע ואם הוא מתנועע תמיד הנה בהכרח מניעו נבדל ולכן אין אחד שיבזה שמו, ועל זה אמר כאן כי ממזרח שמש עד מבואו גדול שמי בגוים ומ"ם ממזרח הוא אצלי מ"ם הסבה ר"ל כי מסבת מזרח השמש ותנועתו עד מבואו גדול שמי בגוים שיכירו וידעו כולם שאני המניע הראשון באותה תנועה ואני סבה לכל הסבות, וזה שאמרו חז"ל במסכת בבא בתרא (טז, ב) מרגלית אחת היתה תלויה בצוארו של אברהם וכל חולה שהיה רואה אותה מיד נתרפא וכשמת אברהם תלאה הקב"ה בגלגל חמה, ר"ל שהיו בפיו ובגרונו של אברהם אבינו טענות ומופתים להוכיח מציאות הסבה הראשונה ושלימותו ובזה כל חולה באמונותיו ודעותיו בשומעו דבריו ומיד נתרפא וכשמת אברהם תלה הקב"ה אותה המרגלית בגלגל חמה כי הוא המורה על מציאות מניעו הראשון ויכולתו באותה הנעה העצומה ממזרח למערב. ועד"ז אמרו בתנחומא (אחרי ט) משעה שהשמש זורחת במזרח עד ששוקעת בערב אין קלוסו של הקב"ה סר מפיו שנאמר (תהלים קיג, ג) ממזרח שמש עד מבואו מהולל שם השם שתהלות הוא במה שיהיה מתנועע בני אדם. ומפני שכלל הגוים היו משיגים מציאות הסבה הראשונה יתברך משפיע על כל שאר הסבות מפני התנועה היומית לכן אמרו חכמים ז"ל דקרו ליה אלהא דאלהיא ר"ל שכל בני אדם מודים במציאות הסבה ראשונה לכל העלות, ולזה אמר גדול שמי בגוים שהיה שמו וכנויו ורשומו בקרב הגוים הנמשכים אל המשפט השכלי מבלי דת שהוא גדול שהגדולה ההיא תרמוז אל היותו ראשון לכל נמצא גבוה מעל גבוה, וכמו שאמר יתרו רומז לזה (שמות יח, יא) עתה ידעתי כי גדול ה' מכל האלהים ר"ל עתה ידעתי שה' אלהיכם הוא הגדול על כל האלקים שהוא הסבה הראשונה המשפעת כולם. וידוע גם כן שכל אומה ואומה תזבח לאלהי האלקים זבח נקי וטהור בעיניה והקטרה היותר משובחת שתקיף מחשבתה לפי שכל דבריהם ומחשבותיהם הוא לכבד את אדון העולם רבון כל המעשים ואם יש בהם עובדים לשמש ולירח או לכל צבא השמים אין זה כי אם לחשבם שהסבה הראשונה מנה אותם מנהיגים על הדברים ההווים והנפסדים וכמ"ש הרב ז"ל בספר המדע פ"ה מהלכות ע"ז.

 

Abarbanel on Malachi 1:11:3

הנה אם כן אין שום אדם שלא יודה במציאות הסבה הראשוה ושלא יכבדהו בכל יכולתו ודעתו אבל יפול בהם הטעות אם בהעדרם ממנו ית' הידיעה וההשגחה בשפלים מפני רוממות מעלתו ובחשבם שהנהגת העולם השפל כולו מהסבות האמצעיות השמימיות ושהיו מתרצים לפני האמצעיים ההם כאשר יכבדו ויעבדו את סבתם הראשונה, גם שמהם חשבו שאותה הסבה הראשונה אשר חייב עיונם וחקירתם היה שר משרי מעלה או אדם היה כאחד ממנו בשום זמן מהזמנים, ומהם בכפרם שנתיחדה השגחתו והנהגתו על אומת ישראל, וזה היה ענין פרעה באומרו לא ידעתי את ה' וגם את ישראל לא אשלח שסכל השם ההוא על מה יורה וסכל שהסבה העליונה ישגיח בארץ וכמו שאמר לו על זה למען תדע כי אני ה' בקרב הארץ. והנביא על זה אמר שפוך חמתך על הגוים אשר לא ידעוך ועל ממלכות אשר בשמך לא קראו שהם אשר לא ידעו שאתה פודה ישראל וגואלו ולא ידעו שמך ולא קראוך בו שהוא השם אשר למדנו משה רבינו עליו השלום מפי הגבורה. וכבר ביאר כל זה המשורר באומרו ממזרח שמש עד מבואו מהולל שם ה' (תהלים קיג, ג) שענינו כמו שפירשתי שבסבת זריחת השמש ובואו ושקיעתו שם ה' מהולל בפי כל הבריות שמקלסין אותו מפני מה שיראו מאותה תנועה העצומה, וביאר עוד סלוק השגחתו באומרו רם על כל גוים ה' על השמים כבודו ר"ל שהיה הקדוש ברוך הוא רם ונעלה מהנהיג ומהשגיח בשפלים ושלבד על השמים היה כבודו והשפעתו, אמנם אנחנו לא נאמין כן כי מי כה' אלקינו המגביהי לשבת המשפילי לראות (שם ה), וביאר המגביהי באומרו בשמים כי שם תשוער ישיבתו מפני הנעת הגלגל העליון המקיף, וביאר המשפילי לראות באומרו ובארץ שבשפלים ישגיח ויראה עם כל מעלתו, וזכר מהשגחתו באומרו מקימי מעפר דל וגומר, והביא ראיה לזה מענין האומה בצאת ישראל ממצרים וגומר היתה יהודה לקדשו ישראל ממשלותיו שייחד השגחתו וממשלתו עליהם עד שעשה להם נסים ונפלאות וקרע להם את הים. ואמנם בענין העבודות אנחנו נדע מה נעבוד את ה' לפי שהוא יתברך צונו בדרכי עבודתו אבל הגוים זובחים ומקטירים ומקריבים מנחותיהם כרצונם ודעתם, וכבר אמר החבר למלך הכוזרי שאי אפשר שיתקרב האדם לאל כ"א בדברים שהוא יתברך יצוה בעשייתם כי הם לבד הנרצים אצלו.

 

Abarbanel on Malachi 1:11:4

ועל זה עצמו נאמר כאן כי ממזרח שמש עד מבואו גדול שמי בגוים ר"ל הם אינם יודעים דבר מחפצי ורצוני כי לא הגיעה אליהם הנבואה ודרכי התורה האלהית אבל שם הסבה הראשונה כבר ידעוהו בדעתם ועיונם מפאת תנועת הגלגל העליון ובכל מקום מארצותם לגויהם מוקטר מוגש לשמי, לא אמר מוקטר מוגש לי כמו שאמרה תורה אדם כי יקריב מכם קרבן לה' (ויקרא א, ב) ולא אמר שיקבלהו השם ברצון ולא שהיתה אותה עבודה טובה ורצויה ולא במקום נבחר אליו אלא שלפי דעתם וכוונתם היו מכבדים את השם אשר שמעו או קבלו מחקירתם ומשתחוים לפניו ולא היו מקריבים לשמו כי אם מנחה טהורה לא מגואלת, ויצא מזה התוכחה לכהנים מורי התורה ומלמדיה למה היו בוזי שמו ומגישים על מזבחו לחם מגואל.

 

 

Abarbanel on Malachi 1:11:1

“For from the rising of the sun even unto the going down of the same, etc., until ‘and you say, Behold, what a weariness!’ Our sages in Tanhuma (Aḥarei Mot 9) explained this verse as referring to the afternoon prayer, interpreting ‘and in every place incense is offered unto My name’ as referring to all the prayers of Israel. They also interpreted it of the scholars who are occupied with Torah, in the laws of the sacrificial service, everywhere I regard them as though they were offering incense and bringing [it] to My name, as it is said: ‘This is the law of the burnt offering, of the meal offering’—this Torah is neither a burnt offering nor a meal offering.

 

So too the Targum: ‘And at every time that you do My will I accept your prayer, and My great name is sanctified through you, and your prayer is like a pure offering before Me.’ Rashi explained this verse according to their, may their memory be blessed, way: Why do you profane My name? Is it not great among the nations? I have loved and required of you that wherever you pray before Me, even in exile, ‘incense and offering’ are to My name and are a pure offering to Me, for through you My name is made great among the nations, while you profane Me. Thus he interprets the whole verse—incense, offering, and meal offering—of Israel.

 

But Ibn Ezra interpreted the whole verse as referring to the nations of the world, who are ‘from the rising of the sun even unto the going down of the same,’ that is, the two ends of the inhabited earth from east to west, where all habitation lies. It is not so from north to south, for the whole of that stretch is not inhabited. Everywhere in the inhabited world, had I commanded them as I commanded you, they would have offered before Me sacrifices and a pure meal offering—not as you do, who bring defiled bread upon My altar. To this interpretation Radak was inclined.

 

Now according to Rashi’s interpretation, the subject is omitted; and according to Ibn Ezra’s interpretation, the essential condition is omitted, for Scripture says, ‘Great is My name among the nations, and in every place incense is offered,’ whereas if this were said of Israel, as they interpret it, it should have mentioned that in every place the incense offered is the prayers of Israel or the Torah of the scholars occupied with the laws of the service. Likewise, according to Ibn Ezra, the essential condition is missing, namely: ‘and in every place incense is offered, if I had commanded them to do so as I commanded you.’ For this reason both of these interpretations are not acceptable on the level of the plain sense.”

 

Abarbanel on Malachi 1:11:2

“But the truth according to the plain sense of this verse is that because the Holy One, blessed be He, was reproving the priests, who despised His name and brought defiled bread upon His altar, He said to them: you should have learned from the ways of the nations, who, though they did not see the light of the Torah, nevertheless, when they behold the great motion of the daily movement by which the outer sphere moves from east to west every day, they, through their contemplation and inquiry, believe that there is a First Cause of all causes, who rides upon the heavens, the heavens of old, moving that sphere by His power and majesty; and they magnify and exalt Him and perform before Him the purest and most fitting rites and offerings possible according to their understanding. None of them denies the existence of the First Cause, His exaltedness, and His perfection, because they have seen that an infinite regress of causes is false, and that everything moved has a mover; and if it is moved continually, then its mover must of necessity be separate. Therefore none of them despises His name.

 

This is why it is said here: ‘For from the rising of the sun even unto the going down of the same My name is great among the nations.’ The mem of mimizraḥ (“from the rising”) is, in my opinion, a causal mem, meaning: because of the rising of the sun and its motion until its going down, My name is great among the nations, for they all recognize and know that I am the first mover in that motion and the cause of all causes. This is what our sages said in Bava Batra (16b): there was a pearl suspended from the neck of Abraham, and any sick person who looked upon it was immediately healed; and when Abraham died, the Holy One, blessed be He, hung it on the sun. That is to say, in the mouth and throat of our father Abraham there were arguments and proofs establishing the existence of the First Cause and His perfection, and by these every person sick in his faith and opinions, when hearing his words, was immediately healed. And when Abraham died, the Holy One, blessed be He, hung that pearl upon the sun, because the sun indicates the existence of its first mover and His power through that mighty motion from east to west.

 

Similarly, in Tanhuma (Aḥarei Mot 9) they said: from the time the sun rises in the east until it sets in the west, the praise of the Holy One, blessed be He, never departs from his mouth, as it is said, ‘From the rising of the sun unto the going down of the same the name of the Lord is to be praised’ (Ps. 113:3), meaning that praise is found in what moves human beings. And because all the nations grasped the existence of the First Cause, blessed be He, as the One influencing all other causes by reason of the daily motion, the sages said that they call Him ‘the God of gods,’ meaning that all people acknowledge the existence of the First Cause of all causes.

 

Therefore it says, ‘My name is great among the nations,’ meaning that His name, His designation, and His renown were among the nations who followed rational judgment without religion, and this greatness indicates that He is the first of every existent thing, exalted above every exalted one. As Jethro alluded to this when he said, ‘Now I know that the Lord is greater than all gods’ (Exod. 18:11), meaning: now I know that the Lord your God is the One who is greater than all the gods, that is, the First Cause who influences them all.

 

It is also well known that every nation sacrifices to the god of gods, in its view, a pure and clean sacrifice, and the best incense its mind can conceive, because all their words and thoughts are directed toward honoring the Master of the world, Ruler of all deeds. And if there are among them those who worship the sun and moon or all the host of heaven, this is only because they think that the First Cause appointed them as governors over transient and perishable things, as the Master, may he be blessed, explained in Mishneh Torah, in the fifth chapter of the laws of idolatry.”

 

Abarbanel on Malachi 1:11:3

“Thus there is no one who does not acknowledge the existence of the First Cause and does not honor Him to the extent of his ability and understanding. But the error among them lies in their failure to attribute to Him, may He be exalted, knowledge and providence over the lower world because of the greatness of His exaltedness, and in their thinking that the governance of the whole lower world is by means of the intermediate celestial causes; and that those intermediate causes are to be appeased when they honor and serve their first cause.

 

Some of them even imagined that the First Cause which their contemplation and inquiry compelled them to acknowledge was one of the chief ministers on high, or a human being like one of us, at some time or other. Others denied that His providence and governance are especially directed toward the nation of Israel. This was the matter of Pharaoh when he said, ‘I do not know the Lord, and neither will I let Israel go’—for he was ignorant of what that name signifies, and he was ignorant that the Most High governs on earth. Therefore it was said to him: ‘that thou mayest know that I am the Lord in the midst of the earth’ (Exod. 8:18).

 

And the prophet, with reference to this, said: ‘Pour out Thy wrath upon the nations that know Thee not, and upon the kingdoms that call not upon Thy name’—meaning those who did not know that You redeem Israel and are their redeemer, and who did not know Your name and did not call upon You by it, the name which Moses our teacher, peace be upon him, learned from the mouth of the Almighty.

 

The poet already explained all this when he said, ‘From the rising of the sun unto the going down of the same the Lord’s name is to be praised’ (Ps. 113:3), meaning, as I explained, that because of the sun’s rising, its coming, and its setting, the name of the Lord is praised by all creatures, who extol Him because of that mighty motion. And he further explained the removal of His providence by saying, ‘The Lord is high above all nations; His glory is above the heavens’—meaning that the Holy One, blessed be He, is high and exalted above governing and overseeing the lower world, and that only in the heavens is His glory and influence.

 

But we do not believe this, for ‘Who is like the Lord our God, that is enthroned on high, that humbleth Himself to behold’ (Ps. 113:5-6). He explained ‘that is enthroned on high’ by saying ‘in the heavens,’ for there His dwelling is apprehended because of the motion of the upper encompassing sphere; and he explained ‘that humbleth Himself to behold’ by saying ‘and in the earth,’ that is, that in the lower world He does indeed oversee and observe despite His exaltedness. He then mentioned examples of His providence in saying, ‘Who raiseth up the poor out of the dust,’ etc. And he brought proof of this from the nation’s story: ‘When Israel went out of Egypt,’ etc., ‘Judah became His sanctuary, Israel His dominion’—meaning that He singled out His providence and dominion over them, until He performed signs and wonders for them and split the sea for them.

 

As for acts of worship, we know what we are to serve the Lord with, because He, may He be blessed, commanded us in the ways of His service; but the nations sacrifice, offer incense, and bring meal offerings according to their own will and judgment. And the Ḥaver already said to the king of the Khazars that a human being cannot draw near to God except through things which He, may He be blessed, commands to be done, for these alone are pleasing to Him.”

 

Abarbanel on Malachi 1:11:4

“And it is in this same sense that it is said here: ‘For from the rising of the sun even unto the going down of the same My name is great among the nations’—that is, they do not know anything of My desires and will, for prophecy and the ways of the divine Torah have not reached them; but they have come to know the First Cause through their understanding and speculation, by means of the motion of the upper sphere. ‘And in every place among their lands and peoples incense is offered to My name’—it does not say ‘offered to Me,’ as the Torah says, ‘If any man of you bring an offering unto the Lord’ (Lev. 1:2); nor does it say that the Lord accepts it with favor, or that that service was good and pleasing, or that it was done in a chosen place dedicated to Him. Rather, according to their understanding and intention, they were honoring the name which they had heard or had come to through inquiry, and bowing before Him. And they were not offering to His name anything but pure, not defiled, meal offering.

From this the rebuke to the priests, teachers and instructors of the Torah, emerges: why did they despise His name and bring defiled bread upon His altar?”

 

 

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