Friday, August 21, 2026

Brigham Young vs. Common Misconception Chruch Leaders Must Receive a Christophany to be Called to the Apostleship

There is a common misconception that LDS apostles have received a Christophany. However, note the following from Brigham Young (September 1, 1854):

 

. . . I understand now brethren where I commenced you can’t learn it all at once I can’t I have flattered myself if I am just as faithful as I know how to be to my God my brethren to all of my covenants and faithful in discharge of my duty when I live to be as old as Moses was when the Lord appeared to him that perhaps I can hold communion with the Lord as well as Moses did I am not there now I know great deal more than I did ten years ago 5 or 20 years ago but have I arrived yet at that state of perfection that I can commune with the Father and Son at my will or pleasure no but I hold myself in readiness that he can with me do his will and pleasure but I have not the power although I have as much as many of my brethren have I may not until I am 80 years old perhaps the Lord appear to me and dictate me in leading forth this people to victory and glory it won’t be long little over 20 years and if I am faithful] to that time perhaps I will obtain favor with my Father and God I am not to obtain all this in a moment Joseph Smith it is true had revelations from God in his youth he saw and understood for himself are you acquainted with his life you can read the history of it I have been acquainted with him for many years he had visions the angels would administer to him and the vision of his mind would be open and see and understand heavenly things and the Lord would reveal his will to the people and after all this was made acquainted with brother Joseph he had all the weakness when the vision was off from him and he left to himself he was like any other man and he would have to live years and years longer to become a Moses in all things but so far as he lived and his experience went he was as good a man as every lived in flesh Jesus excepted but yet a man has to live and gain by their experience that knowledge and wisdom that character form that stability in their character that will present them favorably to the heavenly host at all times and under all circumstances then we will say Brother Spencer and the brethren all of us I will keep myself improving as to doing any better] . . . (“Brigham Young, 1859 September 1,” CR 100 912, Church History Library, pp. 14-15)

 

Thursday, August 20, 2026

Mark E. Biddle on Jeremiah 8:8-9

  

The wise/scribes responsible for transmitting the Torah in written form mishandled the law, misleading the people. Scholars puzzle over this accusation, especially the reference to “the false pen of the scribes.” Does this suggest Jeremiah’s disillusionment with the Deuteronomistic reform (cf. 2 Kgs 23)? While the expression “Torah/torah of YHWH” can designate the Torah scroll or part of it (Deuteronomy?), however, it can also refer more generally to ‘YHWH’s will/way’. The interpretation of Torah/torah fell properly within the purview of the priests. In any case, YHWH’s verdict on the illogical and unnatural conduct of the people and their leadership includes prophets and priests. They, too, “behave deceptively,” falsely declaring that “brokenness” is “peace” (vv 10-12). Since Judah’s failure to act rationally extends to the leadership, YHWH announces that they will be stripped of family and possessions: “they will fall with the fallen.” The section concludes with YHWH’s statement of disappointment, which compares his people to barren grapevines and fig trees (v 13). (Mark E. Biddle, Jeremiah: The Contextual Critical Commentary [The Contextual Critical Commentary; Eugene, Oreg.: Cascade Books, 2026], 97)

 

Mark E. Biddle on Jeremiah 36:28-32

  

Reminiscent of YHWH’s preparation of a second pair of tablets at Mount Sinai after Moses destroyed the originals, YHWH instructs Jeremiah simply to dictate a second scroll identical to the first. Now, however, YHWH supplements the message for Jehoiakim contained in the scroll with an announcement of consequences for rejecting Jeremiah’s preaching. YHWH will bring upon the king, his house, his servants, and the entire population of Jerusalem and Judah “all the disaster that I announced for them” (v 31). So Jeremiah dictated another scroll, adding “many similar words” (v 32). (Mark E. Biddle, Jeremiah: The Contextual Critical Commentary [The Contextual Critical Commentary; Eugene, Oreg.: Cascade Books, 2026], 292)

 

Mark E. Biddle on Jeremiah 10:11

  

11 Thus you will say to them, “let the gods who did not make the heavens and the earth perish from the earth and from beneath the heavens.”

 

. . .

 

This verse is the solitary example of Aramaic in Jeremiah. Because in addition to being a linguistic departure it also interrupts the flow of the surrounding hymn, many consider it a late insertion into the hymn. This possibility notwithstanding, it had found its way into the text before the book attained its final, canonical form and should not, therefore, be excised. (Mark E. Biddle, Jeremiah: The Contextual Critical Commentary [The Contextual Critical Commentary; Eugene, Oreg.: Cascade Books, 2026], 109, 109 n. 4)

 

 

The gods of the Semitic pantheon were typically associated with astral bodies (v 2); the polemic implies that objects in the created order cannot command the reverence due the creator. Likewise, the statues that represent the deities of the pantheon are empty vanities (v 3 hebel; cf. Eccl 1:2). How can they deserve the reference of human beings when human beings manufacture them, carving them from wood (v 3), plating them with silver from Tarshish and gold from Uphaz, nailing them down so that they cannot tip over (v 4), and dressing them in royal fabrics (v 9). These adorned woodcarvings are mute, immobile, and impotent—neither posing a threat nor capable of bestowing blessing (v 5). In sum, they are lifeless (v 14). The idea that these metal-plated woodcarvings, manufactured by creatures, merit reverence as creators of the world only mocks and shames their makers. Significantly, the Aramaic v 11, which functions as a summation of this polemic, highlights this very element. These figurines are “the gods who did not make the heavens and the earth.” On the other hand, the polemic depicts YHWH as the incomparable, true, and living God. The maker of all things with power, wisdom, and understanding, YHWH rules over all things. He shakes the whole earth; his voice disturbs the waters; he sends lightning, rain, and wind. Perhaps most importantly, YHWH is the “Portion of Jacob” and Israel, “the tribe of his inheritance.” (Mark E. Biddle, Jeremiah: The Contextual Critical Commentary [The Contextual Critical Commentary; Eugene, Oreg.: Cascade Books, 2026], 112)

 

Ryan E. Meyer on the Use of Hosea 11 in Matthew 2:15

  

Demonstrating again how Hosea is “closely linked to Deuteronomy,” Hosea 11:8 compares Israel to two of the four cities of the plains, Admah and Zeboyim (cf. Gen 14:8), named in Deuteronomy 29:22. The parallel is striking because Hosea references only the more obscure towns and does not mention their two infamous neighbors (Sodom and Gomorrah). Since Deuteronomy 29 and Hosea 11 are the only two OT passages (part from Genesis 14:8-9) that reference the two lesser-known communities, Hosea is likely intentionally alluding to Deuteronomy 29. In the earlier passage, God predicted that he would one day destroy the nation of Israel as he did the four wicked cities in Genesis 19. Similarly, in the Song of Moses, God that the nation’s “vine comes from the vine of Sodom and from the fields of Gomorrah” (Deut 32:32). However, in Hosea 11:8, God says that he cannot ultimately leave Israel like Sodom and Gomorrah. When the destruction predicted in Deuteronomy 29:22 occurs, this cannot be the end of Israel’s story because of his promises to the patriarchs. This matches Deuteronomy 32:36’s statement that God will “relent concerning his servants.” . . . rather than saying Matthew is using Hosea 11 typologically it might be better to say that Matthew is pointing to a typology that was already within Hosea 11 (exodus and new exodus). (Ryan E. Meyer, “This Generation” in Matthew 24:34 and the New Exodus [Studies in Judeo-Christian Thought Monograph Series 2; El Cajon, Calif.: SCS Press, 2025], 99-100, italics in original)

 

Chris M. Hansen on 1 Corinthians 1:10-17 and the the Importance of Water Baptism in Paul's Theology

 

 

Paul attests in 1 Cor 1:10–17 that baptism was exceptionally important in nascent Christian communities, to the extent that baptized Christians considered who baptized them to be something of a status symbol, which in some cases caused dissent among ranks (and consternation for Paul). (Chris M. Hansen, The Empty Prison Cell: The Authenticity of Philemon Reconsidered [Eugene, Oreg.: Wipf & Stock, 2024], 66)

 

Further Reading:

 

Refuting Jeff McCullough ("Hello Saints") on Baptismal Regeneration

Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra, Cristiana Bertazoni, and Felipe Vander Velden on "Loan Shifting"

  

The European colonizers named the native species they encountered using the categories that they already knew (dog, fox, wolf) based on morphological similarities (Vander Velden 2009). This is one of the challenges when sealing with the reading of ethnohistorical sources: telling if the dogs encountered by Europeans were indeed domestic dogs or some other species of canid . . . (Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra, Cristiana Bertazoni, and Felipe Vander Velden, “On the Lack of Domestic Dogs in Pre-Columbian Lowland Amazonia and Their Deep History of Entanglements With Humans in South America,” The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology [March 17, 2025]: 7)

 

The above refers to:

 

Vander Velden, F. 2009. “Sobre Caes e Indios: Domesticidade, Classificacao Zoologica e Relacao Humano-animal entre os Karitiana.” Ava 15:125–143

 

The article can be read here. The following is a transcription of the introduction of the article (pp. 126-27) and an English translation thereof:

 

Introdução

 

Em um curto artigo para uma prestigiada revista científica norte-americana, a zoóloga Juliet Clutton-Brock (1977) sugeriu que os povos indígenas sul-americanos teriam adotado rapidamente o cão de origem européia pelo fato de que as cerca de onze espécies de canídeos existentes na América do Sul (do gênero Dusicyon, e não do gênero Canis, este último ao qual pertencem o cão domesticado e o lobo) prestavam-se mal à domesticação: podiam ser no máximo “amansados” (tame), mas seus “recalcitrantes” (recalcitrant) hábitos de roubar alimentos (são excessive thieves) e de “vaguear” pela floresta (go to prowl in the forest) tornaram-nos, ao longo dos séculos, maus companheiros dos humanos e, portanto, imprestáveis a uma efetiva domesticação (1977: 1341-1342). Esta constatação decorre da sugestão, expressa no mesmo texto, de que estes canídeos não seriam animais muito propensos a formação de grupos sociais, e comparados aos seus parentes do gênero Canis, que inclui espécies altamente gregárias e organizadas em estruturas sociais relativamente complexas: de um paralelismo entre a organização social dos animais do gênero Canis e aquela dos humanos teria surgido o laço duradouro que consolidaria a domesticidade:

 

“A domesticação só acontece, entretanto, se os padrões de comportamento social dos animais amansados [tamed] são suficientemente bem desenvolvidos para permitir que gerações sucessivas se reproduzam em cativeiro, separadas das espécies selvagens” (Clutton-Brock, 1977: 1342; meu grifo).

 

Discutir a natureza dessas “sociedades animais”, ou os graus de complexidade da organização social das diferentes espécies—e isso em relação aos processos de criação de vínculos duradouros entre estes e os humanos—parece ser a questão para as narrativas científicas que perseguem os mistérios da domesticação. De fato, a relação entre os hábitos sociais complexos de certas espécies animais e sua domesticação por grupos humanos é um fato reconhecido há tempos pela zoologia (cf. Zeuner, 1963). Não obstante, incomoda-me a comparação entre Canis e canídeos nativos, entre os animais que têm e os que não têm, digamos, “sociedade”, e o quanto destas características efetivamente desenham os modelos de relação entre seres humanos e não-humanos. Assim, algumas das perguntas que se pode colocar são: terão os grupos indígenas nas terras baixas sul-americanas adotado os cães introduzidos após a conquista tão somente porque careciam de animais com hábitos semelhantes aos daqueles? Haveria, então, uma espécie de “déficit de sociabilidade” que não permitiu a domesticação dos canídeos nativos? Terão esses povos reconhecido imediatamente nos cães europeus, as formas familiares de seus “recalcitrantes” canídeos selvagens e, por esta razão, contornariam, via adoção do exógeno, as experiências fracassadas de domesticação das espécies nativas aparentadas? Essas questões nos levam, por fim, a perguntar: se a projeção de uma idéia de sociedade sobre os grupos organizados de lobos—ancestrais do cão—permitiu a interpenetração da sociedade humana com aquela dos animais, em que medida faz sentido projetar esta mesma idéia sobre a relação entre homens e Canidae em povos com distintas noções do que é o social?

 

Este artigo busca explorar algumas das contradições localizáveis em certas narrativas científicas sobre a domesticação do cão, sobretudo no tocante ao conceito de sociedade utilizado pelas ciências biológicas quando discutem a história da associação entre humanos e animais. Estas contradições parecem emergir quando confrontamos os discursos desta ciência hegemônica da vida com outras narrativas, indígenas e antropológicas, que oferecem possibilidades alternativas para o entendimento das relações inter-específicas, e propõem desafios para uma história que, da perspectiva de zoólogos, etólogos e paleontólogos, parece estar cada vez mais próxima da verdade dos fatos.

 

Necessário assinalar que estou utilizando a noção de “domesticação” (doméstico/domesticado) em geral empregada nos estudos zoológicos sobre o processo, tal qual expressa no próprio fragmento de J. Clutton-Brock transcrito acima, e definida a partir do controle—especialmente do controle reprodutivo—de certas espécies pelo homem; acrescente-se um componente adicional—definido como “dominação”, “servidão” ou “escravidão” dos animais—que é parte tanto de um conjunto de saberes que contesta as narrativas zoológicas dominantes (Serpell, 1996; Singer, 2004; Regan, 2006) como integra, por vezes, mesmo estas últimas (cf. Zeuner, 1963). Ambas as interpretações podem ser bem resumidas na definição de A. Gautier (apud Delort, 2002: 58, meus grifos), com particular atenção às palavras por mim destacadas: domesticação é “um processo de microevolução iniciado pelo isolamento de um número restrito de indivíduos de uma espécie selvagem particular, em um nicho ecológico especial, estabelecido pelo homem e que obriga esses animais a viverem e se reproduzirem sob sua tutela e em seu proveito”.

 

A mesma cautela deve ser assumida quanto ao conceito de “amansamento” (que tenta traduzir o termo inglês taming) que, a partir do texto de Clutton-Brock, parece constituir-se como uma primeira e necessária etapa da relação entre animais e humanos que segue depois rumo à domesticação; nesse sentido, o conceito é um tanto diverso do uso que a literatura etnológica faz do termo “familiarização” (que, por vezes, também traduz a palavra inglesa taming. Cf. Erikson, 1987), embora as traduções por vezes pareçam confundir as duas noções. Uma discussão mais detalhada de todos esses conceitos faz-se necessária, mas não tenho aqui espaço para tanto.

 

 

Introduction

 

In a short article for a prestigious North American scientific journal, the zoologist Juliet Clutton-Brock (1977) suggested that South American indigenous peoples would have rapidly adopted the dog of European origin because the approximately eleven species of canids existing in South America (of the genus Dusicyon, rather than the genus Canis, the latter including the domesticated dog and the wolf) were poorly suited to domestication: at most, they could be “tamed” (tame), but their “recalcitrant” (recalcitrant) habits of stealing food (they are excessive thieves) and of “wandering” through the forest (go to prowl in the forest) had, over the centuries, made them poor companions for humans and, consequently, unsuitable for effective domestication (1977: 1341–1342). This observation derives from the suggestion, expressed in the same text, that these canids would not be animals particularly inclined to form social groups, in comparison with their relatives of the genus Canis, which includes highly gregarious species organized into relatively complex social structures: from a parallelism between the social organization of animals of the genus Canis and that of humans, the enduring bond that would consolidate domestication would have emerged:

 

“Domestication only occurs, however, if the patterns of social behavior of tame [tamed] animals are sufficiently well developed to permit successive generations to reproduce in captivity, separated from wild species” (Clutton-Brock, 1977: 1342; my emphasis).

 

Discussing the nature of these “animal societies,” or the degrees of complexity in the social organization of different species—and this in relation to the processes involved in creating enduring bonds between them and humans—seems to be the issue underlying the scientific narratives that pursue the mysteries of domestication. Indeed, the relationship between the complex social habits of certain animal species and their domestication by human groups has long been recognized as a fact by zoology (cf. Zeuner, 1963). Nevertheless, I am troubled by the comparison between Canis and native canids, between animals that have and those that do not have, so to speak, “society,” and by the extent to which these characteristics actually shape models of relations between human and non-human beings. Thus, some of the questions that may be posed are: did indigenous groups in the lowlands of South America adopt the dogs introduced after the conquest solely because they lacked animals with habits similar to those of the latter? Was there, then, a kind of “sociability deficit” that prevented the domestication of native canids? Did these peoples immediately recognize in European dogs the familiar forms of their “recalcitrant” wild canids and, for this reason, circumvent, through the adoption of the exotic, the failed experiences of domesticating related native species? These questions lead us, finally, to ask: if the projection of an idea of society onto organized groups of wolves—the ancestors of the dog—allowed human society to interpenetrate with that of animals, to what extent does it make sense to project this same idea onto the relationship between humans and Canidae among peoples with different notions of what constitutes the social?

 

This article seeks to explore some of the contradictions that can be located in certain scientific narratives concerning the domestication of the dog, particularly with regard to the concept of society employed by the biological sciences when discussing the history of the association between humans and animals. These contradictions seem to emerge when we confront the discourses of this hegemonic science of life with other indigenous and anthropological narratives, which offer alternative possibilities for understanding interspecific relations and pose challenges to a history which, from the perspective of zoologists, ethologists, and paleontologists, seems to be coming ever closer to the truth of the facts.

 

It is necessary to point out that I am using the notion of “domestication” (domestic/domesticated) as it is generally employed in zoological studies of the process, as expressed in the passage from J. Clutton-Brock transcribed above, and defined on the basis of human control—especially reproductive control—over certain species; an additional component should be added—defined as “domination,” “servitude,” or “enslavement” of animals—which forms part both of a body of knowledge that challenges the dominant zoological narratives (Serpell, 1996; Singer, 2004; Regan, 2006) and, at times, of those very narratives themselves (cf. Zeuner, 1963). Both interpretations can be well summarized in the definition of A. Gautier (apud Delort, 2002: 58, my emphases), with particular attention to the words I have highlighted: domestication is “a process of microevolution initiated by the isolation of a restricted number of individuals of a particular wild species, in a special ecological niche, established by man, which compels these animals to live and reproduce under his tutelage and for his benefit.”

 

The same caution must be exercised with regard to the concept of “taming” (which attempts to translate the English term taming) which, on the basis of Clutton-Brock's text, appears to constitute a first and necessary stage in the relationship between animals and humans that subsequently proceeds toward domestication; in this sense, the concept differs somewhat from the usage that ethnological literature makes of the term “familiarization” (which, at times, also translates the English word taming. Cf. Erikson, 1987), although the translations sometimes appear to conflate the two notions. A more detailed discussion of all these concepts is necessary, but I do not have space for it here.

 

Also note the following on p. 135:

 

Os colonizadores europeus (e seus cientistas) nomearam as espécies nativas (para eles exóticas) utilizando uma categoria que já conheciam [...] fundamentando-se na lógica das semelhanças morfológicas (e posteriormente genéticas)

 

The European colonizers (and their scientists) named the native species (exotic to them) using a category they already knew [...] on the basis of the logic of morphological (and subsequently genetic) similarities.

 

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