Friday, July 3, 2026

John M. Rist on Augustine's Theology of Original Sin and the Text of Romans 5:12

  

As a result of Adam’s sin comes sin, death, and a general desertion of the good by mankind. All the descendants of Adam are scarred by ‘concupiscence’, and by what Augustine calls ‘ignorance’ and ‘difficulty’, the sheer inability to carry out what we known to be right. The human race has been corrupted by Adam, because all men are in some sense ‘in Adam’. Augustine repeatedly misquotes St. Paul to the effect that we all sinned in Adam (in quo omnes peccaverunt), where the Greek text reads εφ ω (Rom. 5:12), but although this text supports Augustine’s position it does not dictate it.

 

All men, Augustine argues, are identical with Adam. All men sinned in Adam on that occasion, he writes, since all were already identical with him in that nature of his which was endowed with the capacity to generate them. (John M. Rist, “Augustine on Free Will and Predestination,” in Augustine: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. R. A. Markus [Modern Studies in Philosophy; New York: Anchor Books, 1972], 230)

 

Thursday, July 2, 2026

Update on Health//Gofundme to Support Expenses for Next 3-6 Months

Reposting this from youtube:

Just a final reminder (for a few months anyway; hope to have good news by end of September or end of December): My treatment for my health issues (those who know me personally know whact it is, it is liver-related) started this week, and will be every Tuesday and Thursday for 3 or 6 months. As a result, I will be more or less out of work (bookkeeping/accountancy/translation) for 3-6 months (plus recovery time), so if you can share the gofundme and paypal links in the announcement on discord, twitter/x, youtube, blogs, etc., please do so (and if you have an "in" with a large YT channel like  @WARDRADIO  or  @thestickofjoseph  such as Luke at  @DoctrineAndGovernance  and  @yeahkwaku  and also  @thoughtfulfaith2020   @CwicShow   @LetsTalk-HaydenCarroll   @Mormonismexplained   ⁨@TheInterpreterFoundation⁩  please do so and maybe they will "plug" it somehow, too) Gofundme: https://www.gofundme.com/f/medical-expenses-liverrelated-and-other-issues Paypal: https://www.paypal.me/irishlds/

John M. Rist on Augustine and the Question of Mary's Sinlessness

  

. . . for Augustine no one can know that he is saved and even those who are saved do not lead perfect lives. Not only do they need continual help, they would be utterly unable to act for good, but even when in receipt of help their evil and corrupted natures are continually struggling to reassert themselves. Augustine seems to have been worried that if he allowed anyone, even with God’s help, to reach a state of achieved perfection in this life, the help would become unnecessary. And he is convinced by the Bible that its consistent message is that God’s help is always necessary. So insistent is Augustine on this point that even in the case of Mary he is very careful in his remarks about her being without sin. The Pelagians had claimed that various Old Testament worthies had lived sinless lives. Augustine ridicules the idea. What do you suppose these men would say if we asked them whether they lived without sin?, he asks Pelagius. As for Mary, says Augustine, I do not wish to query Pelagius’ claim that she was winless ‘out of honour to the Lord’. When discussing her further he is careful to point out that for this sinlessness to be attained, grace for overcoming sin had to be given ‘in every particular’ (omni ex parte). It is important to observe what Augustine says is not that she could not sin, but that grace was given to her in every particular of life so that the ever-present possibility of sin was overcome. It appears that Augustine’s view of the grace accorded to her should be compared with his view of the situation of Adam . . . it is sufficient to observe that both Adam and Mary seem, for Augustine, to have had the possibility of sinning (posse peccare) but that Mary was given the grace which prevented that possibility from becoming actualized.

 

Mary, in Augustine’s view, is a special case. In general he seems to have held that good men, even those who enjoy the grace of perseverance to the end, are liable to failure in particular actions. As a result of the permanent weakness of fallen man, a weakness which is not removed by baptism, the life even of the saint is a series of failures and successes. Not only is the saint able to sin, but he actually sins. Only after death is the stage reached in which sin is impossible (non posse peccare) and freedom (libertas) is attained. (John M. Rist, “Augustine on Free Will and Predestination,” in Augustine: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. R. A. Markus [Modern Studies in Philosophy; New York: Anchor Books, 1972], 225-26, emphasis in bold added)

 

Wednesday, July 1, 2026

Volker L. Menze on non-Chalcedonian Eucharistic Miracles

  

Non-Chalcedonian hagiographies like John Rufus' Plerophoriae, compiled when Severus was patriarch in Antioch (512–18), demonstrated to the average non-Chalcedonian how he should deal with the Eucharist. It was better for a non-Chalcedonian to receive a non-Chalcedonian Eucharist only once a year than regularly a Chalcedonian Eucharist from a Chalcedonian priest. The true believer who stayed away from the Chalcedonian service received communion from heaven itself. The Chalcedonian John Moschus records the story of a non-Chalcedonian who caught his wife taking the Chalcedonian Eucharist, ‘grabbed her by the throat and forced her to emit the [according to the Chalcedonian author:] holy portion’. For the non-Chalcedonian husband salvation was only possible through communion and community with the non-Chalcedonians. In the Life of Peter the Iberian from the end of the fifth century, eucharistic miracles, in which blood burst forth from the Eucharist and Christ appeared next to the celebrant, provided proof to the non-Chalcedonian that God was on their side. If non-Chalcedonians were slaughtered for their conviction, Christ appeared, brought them to the altar, and gave ‘them of my body and blood before I take them to heaven with me’. (Volker L. Menze, Justinian and the Making of the Syrian Orthodox Church [Oxford Early Christian Studies; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008], 160)

 

Tuesday, June 30, 2026

Conversion of Joseph Falconer Pratt (Former Christadelphian) to the Restored Gospel in the May 5, 1910 Issue of the Millennial Star

  

FROM CHRISTADELPHIANISM TO MORMONISM.

 

Raders of the Millennial Star may feel interested in the circumstances that led the writer of the present article to become a "Mormon." The gospel has been compared to the wind, "it bloweth where it listeth, and no one knoweth the sound thereof." God has so many varied ways in reaching the human heart that no two experiences are alike. "The kingdom of heaven is not entered by force"—it is foolish to say that nature's secrets can be wrested from her, she will reveal herself only to those who study her. The same principle holds good in the spiritual world. "Seek and ye shall find, knock and it shall be opened unto you." God will only reveal His will to those who wish to do His will; but all in His own good time. As the wise man has said, "To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under heaven." (Eccles. 3:1.)

 

I was reared in a school of religious thought that considered itself in no small degree, "the salt of the earth." The Christadelphians—Thomasites, or soul-sleepers, as they are sometimes called—is a sect which originated in America. It was founded by Dr. Thomas, a medical gentleman of considerable ability, who abandoned his profession and devoted himself to religious studies and the furtherance of the new cult. There are many points in Christadelphian teaching in remarkable harmony with "Mormonism." Indeed, so much is this the case, that the writer is acquainted with many of this sect who have joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. They believe in one God. Like the Latter-day Saints, they insist that the Eternal Father is indivisible and one, that Jesus is His Son, miraculously begotten and exalted to a place at God's right hand; the Holy Spirit is the Divine influence or energy by which the Father is omnipotent and supreme. They believe man is mortal and is unconscious between death and the resurrection; there is no personal devil and no hell. They believe in baptism for the remission of sins, that Christ will come again and establish his Kingdom upon the earth and reign a thousand years, and then hand it over to the Father that God may be all in all.

 

This is a brief exposition of the creed to which I formerly subscribed. As will be observed, the nature of man, as taught by them, is in direct opposition to the generally accepted belief in human immortality. It seemed to me, as years advanced, a revolting idea that God, who is a God of love, justice and mercy should deny equality of opportunity to His children. This fact was painfully impressed upon me by sad experience. I lost a baby, and it was then that I first felt doubts arising, and experienced the poverty of a faith that could give no consolation in the hour of sorrow, for according to the gloomy tenets of Christadelphianism, there was no hope for those who died in an unbaptised state, and that death ended all. Those who have passed through the furnace of affliction best know the anguish of the human soul when death separates us from our loved ones, but who can express the agony of those who sorrow with no hope. Since that time I began to let my fancy wander freely; doubts assailed me on every side. The old beliefs were being undermined. I began to lose faith in those things that I formerly held dear and sacred. In this unsettled state I could say with George de Romanes, "The world looked cold and bare, and life was losing half its beauty and color."

 

About six years ago I made the acquaintance of the Latter-day Saints. Chance directed me to their meeting-place, and although I was pleased with what I there saw and heard, the impression was not sufficiently strong to produce any other effect. All this time I continued in fellowship with the Christadelphians, but I am afraid my religion belonged more to the head than to the heart. From my earliest years I felt interested in the occult. The phenomena of spiritualism is a fascinating thing, and as I had some power in that direction, my friends would have me to be a medium, though I denied all claims to such an unenviable position. I mention this circumstance as showing the extremes into which one can wander without God at the helm. I was like a ship without a rudder, tossed to and fro by every wind of strange doctrine, always learning yet never arriving at a knowledge of the truth. About two years ago I made the acquaintance of two elders of Israel, and after a conversation in which we exchanged views, I was delighted to find doctrines advocated which coincided in a remarkable manner with my own, and it is from that date that my conversion began. But there was much prejudice and error that stood in the way, and I battled hard and contested foot by foot the progress of truth into my soul. Like the Prophet Joseph Smith, I sent many a prayer to God to shed light on my troubled soul. What questionings of motives, what anguish of mind I suffered, what doubts and fears assailed me! The very name of "Mormonism" frightened me! What would my friends think? How could I stand before the ridicule and sneers of my associates? These were the feelings experienced by me in the transitionary period.

 

The first doctrine of the Church that appealed to my inmost nature was the immortality of the soul and the purpose of God in placing man upon this earth, though strange as it may appear. The doctrine of pre-existence did not find acceptance till some time later. But the work was begun, and I felt powerless to resist the whisperings of the still small voice. I was led to see the justice and mercy of God in giving an opportunity to all His children to hear the good news of the kingdom, "that neither death nor life, nor angels nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, nor height nor depth, nor any other creature shall be able to separate us from the love of God which is in Christ Jesus our Lord." (Rom. 8: 30, 39.) The old barren belief of Christadelphianism gave place to this good news of Mormonism. Henceforth I sorrowed no longer as those who have no hope, but rejoiced in the knowledge that our absent darlings will see the Father's face and rejoice in the blessings of the everlasting gospel. I always felt the injustice of being punished for Adam's transgression, it was so unlike a God of love and justice that we should be punished for what we did not do, and so I found no difficulty in accepting the teaching of "Mormonism," welcoming it as consonant with reason, and the highest aspirations of my nature. I can but dwell briefly on those things that drew me to "Mormonism." The articles of faith presented to my mind the highest conception of God and His purposes. In many things they expressed my own sentiments; in others I had to yield a humble submission. They spoke intuitively to me, and made me a Mormon before I had realized it. I felt convinced that doctrines like these could only emanate from one source—from God: And so I rejoice in giving my testimony that Joseph Smith was a prophet sent of God to usher in the last dispensation, and that among the sons of God he has secured imperishable fame. His life and character have stood the most searching criticism. The memory of an Alexander, a Cæsar or Napoleon will pass away; but the name of Joseph Smith will endure for ever for he will be known throughout all generations as a Prophet of the Most High God. Since I became a Mormon I have had some interesting experiences. My former friends stand aloof and say I am surely wrong in the mind, the victim of a delusion, and that the devil has got me in his grip. That awful word "Mormonism" is sufficient to conjure up the most fearful shapes, but I feel calmly confident. I have put my hand to the plough and by God's grace there will be no turning back. My heart is fixed, I have an anchor of the soul sure and steadfast in the everlasting gospel. "He that believeth on it will never be confounded."

 

To those who would fight against Zion and the Lord's anointed, I can say with Joshua, "And if it seem evil unto you to serve the Lord, choose you this day whom ye will serve. . . ." "But as for me and my house we will serve the Lord." (Joshua 24:15.) May the Lord give me strength to hold fast the beginning of my confidence firm unto the end, for Christ's sake. Amen.—J. Falconer Pratt. (Joseph Falconer Pratt, “From Christadelphianism to Mormonism,” The Latter-day Saints’ Millennial Star 72, no. 18 [May 5, 1910]: 277-79; my thanks to Levi Wixom for making me aware of this article)

 

From my online searching, I discovered that the author was baptized on October 24, 1909.

 

Further Reading:

 

Listing of Articles on Christadelphian Issues

Monday, June 29, 2026

Ethan Schwartz on Exodus 15:11 teaching Monolatry

  

Today, most people think of the Bible as monotheistic. By this, they mean that YHWH is the only deity who exists. However, for biblical texts from the preexilic period, this is far from the case. A clear example is the Song of the Sea (Exod 15:1-18). Most scholars identify this passage as one of the Bible’s oldest—possibly tracing to the end of the Late Bronze Age (1600-1200 BCE). Praising YHWH for defeating Pharaoh during the exodus, the speaker declares,

 

Who is like you, O Lord, among the gods?
Who is like you, majestic in holiness,
awesome in splendor, doing wonders?
(Exod 15:11)

 

The Song straightforwardly acknowledges that other gods exist. The point is not that YHWH is the only god but rather he is the best god. Scholars call this “monolatry.” (Ethan Schwartz, Unity and Disunity in Isaiah [Cascade Companions; Eugene, Oreg.: Cascade Books, 2026], 51, italics in original)

 

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