Stephen Boyce on the Use of Tobit 12:9 in Polycarp to the Philippians 10:2b

  

10:2b quia eleëmosyna de morte liberat

 

“…alms delivers from death.”

 

quoniam elemosyna a morte liberat (Tobit 12:9 VUL)

 

Agreement: There are multiple factors that support the conclusion that Polycarp was referencing the deuterocanonical book of Tobit. The closeness of the wording makes the possibility of such a connection difficult to dismiss.

 

Disagreement: Although the evidence for dependence on Tobit is strong there are minor spelling differences between the texts. As noted previously this comparison involves translations of the original Greek and such orthographic variation should therefore be expected. It is also possible that Polycarp was citing the passage from memory as he does elsewhere rather than copying it directly from a manuscript. (Stephen Boyce, “The Use of Scripture in Early Christian Writings: A Textual Analysis of 1 Clement, Polycarp, the Didache, and Ignatius” [PhD Dissertation; Louisiana Baptist University and Seminary, 2021], 212)

 

Adam-God Draft Notes CR 100 317 April 4, 1860

 [Brigham speaking]

 

. . . no matter whether I am right or wrong or Joseph we must yield our opinion or judgment to the man ordained to lead the church these are not the premises to reason from it is not the retraction or reading Brother Orson put out demands I have been patient I call you to witness although I knew many of them to be false and others I don’t believe it is my business to talk about I have said it to brother Orson you know I can’t comprehend that knowing [ever/here?] while we are in the flesh and comprehend organization of first Deity anything to do with it. My belief is that you and I don’t know anything about it is what I said a great many times to you . . . (“Orson Pratt, 4 April 1860, before Brigham Young and the Twelve, page 6,” Church History Catalog, CR 100 317)

 

 

 

. . . there has been preached in public and also been published in the sermons of Brother Young that Adam is the father of spirits and the Father of the spirit of Jesus Christ [of] the spirits of all men upon the earth as well as the Father of body of our Savior I think these principles have been intimated when I read the revelations that were given to Joseph I read directly to the contrary in my estimation according to my views [on the] subject I read in the revelations given to Enoch that he called upon the people to repent and spoke of a record that was given of the first ministration to Adam that the Lord spoke to Adam and told Adam he had an Only Begotten Son which was Jesus Christ who should come in meridian [of] time here were 3 personages one Adam another was the Father and another was the Son all 3 spoken of the person speaking to Adam had a Son Jesus Christ which he said should come in the meridian of time consequently Adam could not be the Father of Jesus Christ unless he had two Fathers that is one point this is why I differ from Brother Young and why these things make the impression upon my mind and the difficulty in bringing my judgment to coincide with Brother Young’s . . . (“Orson Pratt, 4 April 1860, before Brigham Young and the Twelve, page 19,” Church History Catalog, CR 100 317)

 

 

 

 

 . . . there this principle saying it so fully established and established in six or 8 sermons of Brother Young and immediately found the doctrine disapprobated I corrected them . . . (“Orson Pratt, 4 April 1860, before Brigham Young and the Twelve, page 22,” Church History Catalog, CR 100 317)

 

 

 

. . . if I prefer a charge against you you have as many to prefer against me and there is only one thing I might regard and I did at time though you may take it believe it or not as I did plurality who was preaching the doctrine of Adam being our Father to my personal positive knowledge that was Joseph’s doctrine and what he believed you perhaps never heard him say it but I have and so did Brother Kimball and Willard Richards that that was his belief and what he knew and he said that every one of us that kept the celestial law would be Adams too that was Joseph’s doctrine and as for Adam’s being made like an adobe it is the height of nonsense and I tell you where I had a revelation as much as any man ever lived on this earth it was when we was in Luke Johnson’s room when the power came upon us so that it raised the neighborhood they felt it all over the neighborhood like the earth quake and there I told the story that you and I if faithful we be Adam and before it we get a resurrected body then we was capable of commencing the work in spirit and it takes a natural body to beget a natural body you recollect that revelation [to night/but not?] [true?] Woodruff George A and you recollect it raised the whole neighborhood the shake of power of God that came on the neighborhood when a man gets his celestial glory and is crowned with crowns of glory immortality and eternal lives he has not yet the power to beget a body but he begets spirits but those are born in the eternities of the Gods and when he has the privilege by his Dictator you may have the privilege of forming a world he goes there and puts every seed and animal upon it places every creature there is in the earth under the earth throughout the earth and upon the earth that flies in the heavens swims in the water is placed by that Creator and he is called in the endowment Michael . . . (“Orson Pratt, 4 April 1860, before Brigham Young and the Twelve, pages 26-28,” Church History Catalog, CR 100 317)

 

According to a friend:

 

Due to Brigham's reference of Heber C. Kimball and Willard Richards hearing the doctrine from Joseph Smith personally, I wonder if what happened here was that Joseph said something to them about progressing onto future worlds as Adams, in connection with the principles of the Endowment ceremony. And furthermore, it seems plausible that he made private remarks to them about the Ancient of Days in 1842, when he began teaching his Anointed Quorum about the Endowment ceremony. Willard Richards' report of the May 4, 1842 Endowment ceremony seems to suggest such teachings as having taken place (see DHC 5:1-2).

 

 

Stephen Boyce on the Relationship Between Didache 8:2 and Matthew 6:9-13

  

Did. 8:2b οὕτω προσεύχεσθε· Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου, ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου, γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς· τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸ ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον, καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς οφειλέταις ἡμῶν, καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ· ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.

 

“…thus pray ye: Our Father, which art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name; Thy Kingdom come; Thy will be done, as in heaven, so also on earth; give us our daily bread; and forgive us our debt, as we also forgive our debtors; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one; for Yours is the power and the glory for ever and ever.”

 

9 Οὕτως οὖν προσεύχεσθε ὑμεῖς· Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς· ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου

10 ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου· γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς

11 τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον

12 καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν

13 καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ. (Matt. 6:9-13 NA28)

 

 

9 Οὕτως οὖν προσεύχεσθε ὑμεῖς· Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς, ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου.

10 Ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου. Γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ, καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς.

11 Τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον.

12 Καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν.

13 Καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ. Ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. Ἀμήν. (Matt. 6:9-13 BYZ)

 

Agreement: The evidence overwhelmingly supports the conclusion that this is a direct citation of Matthew 6:9 through 13. Every element of the prayer as it appears in the Didache can be accounted for within the extant Greek manuscript tradition. It is also evident that the longer doxological ending of the prayer found in the Byzantine tradition aligns more closely with the Didache than the shorter form preserved in the critical editions.

 

Disagreement: The introductory formula to the prayer differs slightly in wording between Matthew and the Didache. The Didache omits the pronoun ὑμεῖς which may be implied from context as well as the conjunction οὖν meaning then. Additionally Matthew employs the dative noun οὐρανοῖς in the plural whereas the Didache consistently uses the singular οὐρανῷ. This is noteworthy since the singular form of heaven is relatively uncommon in this context. However Matthew himself uses the singular later in verse 10 which corresponds with the Didache at that point. The Didache simply maintains the singular form throughout the prayer.

 

The Didache also omits the term βασιλεία meaning kingdom at the conclusion of the prayer. While it preserves the longer ending that otherwise aligns more closely with the Byzantine tradition it nevertheless lacks the kingdom clause. This omission recurs elsewhere in the text including three times in chapter nine and in partial citations in chapter ten verses four and five. Finally the Didache does not include the closing word Ἀμήν at the end of the prayer. (Stephen Boyce, “The Use of Scripture in Early Christian Writings: A Textual Analysis of 1 Clement, Polycarp, the Didache, and Ignatius” [PhD Dissertation; Louisiana Baptist University and Seminary, 2021], 147-49)

 

Stephen Boyce on the Use of Apocalyptic Texts in 1 Clement 34:3

  

1 Clement 34:3 Ἰδοὺ ὁ κύριος καὶ ὁ μισθὸς (Rev. 22:12; Isa. 40:10) αὐτοῦ πρὸ προσώπου αὐτοῦ (Isa. 62:11) ἀποδοῦναι ἑκάστῳ (Rev. 22:12) κατὰ τὸ ἔργον αὐτοῦ (Isa. 40:10; Rev. 22:12)

 

"Behold, the Lord comes, and His reward is before His face, to render to every man according to his work.”

 

Ἰδού, ἔρχομαι ταχύ, καὶ ὁ μισθός μου μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ, ἀποδοῦναι ἑκάστῳ ὡς τὸ ἔργον ἔσται αὐτοῦ (Rev. 22:12 NA28)

 

ἰδοὺ κύριος μετὰ ἰσχύος ἔρχεται καὶ ὁ βραχίων μετὰ κυριείας ἰδοὺ ὁ μισθὸς αὐτοῦ μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ ἔργον ἐναντίον αὐτοῦ (Isa. 40:10 LXX)

 

ἰδοὺ γὰρ κύριος ἐποίησεν ἀκουστὸν ἕως ἐσχάτου τῆς γῆς εἴπατε τῇ θυγατρὶ Σιων ἰδού σοι ὁ σωτὴρ παραγίνεται ἔχων τὸν ἑαυτοῦ μισθὸν καὶ τὸ ἔργον πρὸ προσώπου αὐτοῦ (Isa. 62:11 LXX)

 

Agreement: The wording of 1 Clement 34:3 resists attribution to any single biblical source, and the textual comparisons make clear that Clement is intentionally weaving together multiple scriptural traditions. The phraseology draws simultaneously from Isaiah 40:10, Isaiah 62:11, and Revelation 22:12 in a manner that cannot be explained by coincidence or by dependence on only one of these texts.

 

From Revelation 22:12, Clement shares the distinctive eschatological formulation of the Lord’s coming with recompense, particularly the clauses concerning reward (ὁ μισθός) and the rendering to each person according to works (ἀποδοῦναι ἑκάστῳ… κατὰ τὸ ἔργον). These elements are especially striking because the syntactical construction and eschatological framing align more closely with Revelation than with Isaiah alone.

 

At the same time, Clement preserves Isaianic language that Revelation itself adapts. The expression “before his face” (πρὸ προσώπου αὐτοῦ) reflects Isaiah 62:11 rather than Revelation’s μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ, while the broader conceptual framework of divine recompense coming visibly and authoritatively belongs to Isaiah 40:10. Clement’s wording therefore reflects not merely Isaiah independently, nor Revelation independently, but a convergence of both streams.

 

This is significant because Revelation 22:12 itself represents an adaption of Isaianic eschatological language. Clement’s citation appears to stand at the intersection of these traditions, suggesting either familiarity with Revelation’s formulation or access to a shared eschatological tradition already shaped by Revelation’s language. The alignment of multiple distinctive phrases across these texts makes accidental overlap implausible.

 

Equally important is Clement’s eschatological posture. He clearly presents the Lord’s coming and judgment as future events rather than realities already fulfilled. This observation directly challenges Preterist reconstructions that locate the composition and fulfillment of Revelation prior to 70 AD. If 1 Clement is rightly dated to the late first century, as is widely held, and if Clement is drawing upon Revelation-like language while still anticipating future fulfillment, then Revelation must either be contemporaneous with Clement or earlier but not understood as fulfilled.

 

Finally, the historical context strengthens this conclusion. Rome’s central position within the Christian network and its established lines of communication with the churches of Asia Minor make it entirely plausible that an early form of Revelation could have reached Clement within a short period after its circulation. Clement’s composite citation thus provides indirect but meaningful evidence for the early reception and authoritative use of Revelation in the Roman church.

 

In sum, the textual data support the conclusion that 1 Clement 34:3 is a deliberate conflation of Isaiah and Revelation, reflecting both continuity with prophetic tradition and engagement with emerging New Testament apocalyptic theology. (Stephen Boyce, “The Use of Scripture in Early Christian Writings: A Textual Analysis of 1 Clement, Polycarp, the Didache, and Ignatius” [PhD Dissertation; Louisiana Baptist University and Seminary, 2021], 65-68)

 

Scriptural Mormonism Podcast Episode 103: Brian Hales on the Seer Stone Controversy

 

Episode 103: Brian Hales on the Seer Stone Controversy

Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464) on Matthew 16:18

  

. . . And when Christ said to Peter “Thou art Peter and upon this rock,” etc., we understand the word, rock, as a reference to Christ in him he [Peter] had confesses his belief. And if the word, rock [petram], is to be understood as a reference to Peter’s role as the foundation stone of the church, according to Jerome the other apostles were also foundation stones of the church. When these things are discussed in the next to the last book of the Apocalypse no one doubts that it refers to the apostles when it speaks of the twelve foundation stones of the city of Jerusalem. And if Christ said to Peter “Feed my sheep,” it is clear that this feeding is by word and example. Similarly according to St. Augustine’s gloss on the same passage, the same command was given to all [when Christ said] “Going into the whole world” in the last chapter of Matthew and Mark. Nothing else is said to Peter which implies any power. Therefore we are correct in saying that all the apostles are equal to Peter in power. (Nicholas of Cusa, The Catholic Concordance, Book II, paragraph 115 [trans. ed. Paul E. Sigmund; Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991], 90)

 

 

Indeed we say that all the apostles are equal in the grace of the apostolate just as in the grace of the priesthood all priests are equal, but we say that Peter was first among the apostles by virtue of a superabundance of grace. Augustine says in his last sermon [on the Gospel of] John, that because of abundant grace Peter was both the first apostle and on account of his primacy among the apostles also represented the church as a symbol of the whole. And the sacred writings describe the primacy with which Peter was endowed with a superabundance of grace by Christ, in the first chapter of John were Christ says, “Thou shalt be called Cephas,” which is interpreted Peter. Augustine in his seventh sermon comments on this passage as follows: “He made a great change when he changed Simon’s name to Peter. But Peter is now from rock [petra] and the rock is the church. Therefore the name of Peter symbolized the church.” Observe that according to the interpretation of the great and learned Augustine, the change in name was important. When Christ said, “Thou art Peter,” he used the present tense, where he had said earlier—in the future tense—“Thou shalt be called Cephas.” He did not say then, “Thou art named or called Peter” but “Thou art Peter.” From this it is evident that the promise of Christ that Simon would in the future be called Cephas was a promise of a real primacy. Hence when Augustine says that Peter had the primacy among the apostles he can not be interpreted as speaking of the time of his conversion or his recognition of the Messiah, as the name Peter is interpreted (according to Bede, incorrectly) to mean “the one who recognizes” by writers such as Alexander of Hales commenting on John. He adds on the same point that his brother, Andrew, who told him earlier that he had found the Messiah had already preceded him in that recognition, as we read in the first chapter of the Gospel of John. Therefore Augustine himself understands the primacy among the others in the church as necessarily referring to the rulership and eminence which Peter received after the college of the apostles had been created when Christ said, “Thou art Peter.” (Nicholas of Cusa, The Catholic Concordance, Book II, paragraph 251 [trans. ed. Paul E. Sigmund; Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991], 194-95)

 

John B. Whitley on the use of לוּחַ in the text of Ezekiel 37:16 of Targum Jonathan

  

The Targum of Jonathan takes a slightly different path toward a similar end. It distributes (and slightly expands) its translation of the Hebrew term עץ among four occurrences of Aramaic לוח (tablet) and six occurrences of שבט, whose meaning here requires further discussion. The translation לוח is used when עץ is the object that Ezekiel physically holds in his hands where שבט is used when עץ is part of the inscription on the sticks/tablets. The translation שבט is significant precisely because of its ambiguity: it can mean both “tribe” and “rod,” and there is good reason to believe that its use here is intended to play on both of these meanings. In connection with the meaning “rod,” שבט seems to encode an additional play on the more precise nuances of “scepter” and “shepherd’s staff,” as has been observed with the use of the Greek ῥάβδος in the LXX above. This aspect of the play enhances the connection between the sign act in vv. 16–19 and the messianic content of vv. 21–28. In connection with the meaning “tribe,” it may be noted that שבט is used to translate ושבטי ישראל (and the tribes of Israel) in v. 19, and in the six instances in which it translates Hebrew עץ it always precedes the name of a traditional tribal designation (Judah, Joseph, Ephraim). Thus, in Tg. Jon., each use of שבט fully comprehends the meaning “scepter / shepherd’s staff / tribe” so that the symbolic unification of the tablets signifies both the restoration of the monarchy and the uniting of the tribes. One difference from the LXX here is that Tg. Jon. attempts to improve the coherence of this passage by modifying the content of the inscriptions on the tablets whereas, in the LXX, it is the description of the physical sticks as ῥάβδοι that gives the act messianic importance.

 

One additional modification in Tg. Jon. is worthy of note and is comparable to the LXX’s attempt to improve this passage. As we have seen above, the MT in v. 19 retains the symbolic imagery of the sticks in its first interpretation of the sign act, and the LXX seeks to make this verse more of a true interpretation by translating two instances of עץ in this verse with φυλή (tribe). The LXX does not, however, see this change through entirely since it also retains mention of the tribes becoming one “stick” (ῥάβδος). The Targum of Jonathan carries this change through more thoroughly by emending “and I will make them one stick” in the MT to “and I will make them one people.”

 

Thus, it appears that the additions that were added by TS^R caused the later translators of the LXX and Tg. Jon. to make v. 19 more of a first interpretation of vv. 16–17, to ponder the meaning of עץ in this passage, and to search for an explanation for how the symbolism in vv. 16–19 relates to the messianic content of vv. 21–28. Both adopted the same basic tactic of expanding the connotations of the stick imagery in a way that relates to both the messianic shepherd and Davidic ruler images later in this passage, although they went about this in different ways. The trajectory of interpretive revision begun in TS^R, therefore, was continued and strengthened in these later versions. (John B. Whitley, “The Literary Expansion of Ezekiel’s ‘Two Sticks’ Sign Act (Ezekiel 37:15-28),” Harvard Theological Review 108, no. 2 [April 2015]: 322-23)