Commenting on "a cup of water and [a cup] of wine mixed with water" (Gk: ποτήριον ὕδατος καὶ κράματος) in 1 Apology 65, Leslie William Barnard noted that:
A. von Harnack, Brot und Wasser, die
eucharistischen Element bei Justin, TU 7.2 (1891), 115–44, proposed to eliminate kai kramatos (= wine and water mixed) as
a gloss (it is missing in Codex Ottobianus) in support of his theory that, in
Justin’s day, the eucharist was celebrated with bread and water alone. It
seems, however, more likely that the omission in Ottobianus was due to a copyist
who was deceived by the similarity of the ending of the words hudatos kai kramatos. Justin’s language
is, however, rather unwieldy (elsewhere he uses the easier artos-oinos-hudōr). Krama is a mixture of wine and water (Tim. Loc.
95 E; Clem. Alex. Paed. 1.6, 2.2, 3;
Nemes. Nat. Hom. 3), although in
modern Greek it signifies wine alone. Justin definitely implies that the
eucharistic elements were bread, a cup of water, and (a cup of?) water mixed
with wine. Hippolytus (Apost. Trad.
23.1–7), in his account of the baptismal-eucharist, states there were three
cups—water, milk and honey, and mixed wine. Justin does not mention the cup of
milk and honey but he does refer to the other two cups—and in the same order as
Hippolytus. Justin’s separate cup of water probably then refers (as with
Hippolytus) to the baptismal washing the catechumen has recently received. (Cf.
his references to the bread and cup of water found in Mithraism, which are a
pale demonic imitation of the Christian rite—1 Apol. 66.4). It is, however, the bread and the cup of mixed wine
and water that become the body and blood of Christ in the eucharist. (Leslie
William Barnard, in St. Justin Martyr: The First and Second Apologies
[Ancient Christian Writers 56; Mahwah, N.J.: Paulist Press, 1997], 177 n. 399)
