απαραβατος in texts contemporary with Hebrews

I have written about the Latter-day Saint understanding of the Priesthoods many times on this blog (see my The LDS Priesthoods: Resource Page); one such argument that I have spent much time refuting is the claim that απαραβατος in Heb 7:24 means “untransferable.” One such example would be the relevant section of my article:

Refuting Jeff Durbin on Mormonism and the Atonement

Indeed, when one examines Koine Greek texts contemporary with Hebrews shows that, as modern scholarship has shown, this meaning is not part of the semantic domain of the term, contrary to many Protestant apologists; instead, it means “eternal/permanent." I will present such to further the discussion about Heb 7:24 and issues relating to Latter-day Saint claims about the Melchizedek Priesthood in this post.

The term appears twice in the writings of Josephus (AD 37-100). In Antiquities of the Jews 18:266, we read:

Then the Jews replied, ``Since, therefore, you are so disposed, O Petronius! that you will not disobey Gaius' letters, neither will we transgress the commands of our law; and as we depend upon the excellency of our laws, and, by the labours of our ancestors, have continued hereto without allowing them to be transgressed, we dare not by any means allow ourselves to be so timorous as to transgress those laws out of the fear of death.

ὦ Πετρώνιε φασὶν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ὡς μὴ ἂν ἐπιστολὰς τὰς Γαΐου παρελθεῖν οὐδ᾽ ἂν αὐτοὶ παραβαίημεν τοῦ νόμου τὴν προαγόρευσιν θεοῦ πεισθέντες ἀρετῇ καὶ προγόνων πόνοις τῶν ἡμετέρων εἰς νῦν ἀπαράβατοι μεμενηκότες οὐδ᾽ ἂν τολμήσαιμεν ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον κακοὶ γενέσθαι ὥστε ὁπόσα ἐκείνῳ δόξειεν μὴ πρασσόμενα ἀγαθοῦ ῥοπὴν ἡμῖν φέρειν αὐτοὶ παραβαίνειν ποτ᾽ ἂν θάνατον φοβηθέντες

Further, in Against Apion 2:293 the term again appears:

On which account I am so bold as to say that we are become the teachers of other men, in the greatest number of things, and those of the most excellent nature only; for what is more excellent than inviolable piety? what is more just than submission to laws?

διόπερ ἐγὼ θαρσήσας ἂν εἴποιμι πλείστων ἅμα καὶ καλλίστων ἡμᾶς εἰσηγητὰς τοῖς ἄλλοις γεγονέναι τί γὰρ εὐσεβείας ἀπαραβάτου κάλλιον τί δὲ τοῦ πειθαρχεῖν τοῖς νόμοις δικαιότερον

Philo of Alexandria (25 BC to AD 50) used απαραβατος once in his writings. In On the Eternity of the World (De aeternitate mundi) 1:112 we read the following:

That equalized proportion of the elements which is attempered by itself being thus preserved eternal and uninjured, as is not only probable but absolutely inevitable; since what is unequal is essentially unjust, and injustice is the offspring of wickedness, and wickedness is banished from the abode of immortality. But the world is of a divine magnitude, and has been shown to be the abode of those gods which are visible to the outward senses; and to affirm that this world is destroyed is the part of those who do not see the connection of nature and the united consequence and coherence of things.

ἀπαραβάτου δὴ καὶ συνεχοῦς τῆς αὐτοκρατοῦς ἰσονομίας ταύτης ἀεὶ φυλαττομένης, ὥσπερ οὐκ εἰκὸς μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀναγκαῖον, ἐπεὶ τὸ μὲν ἄνισον ἄδικον, τὸ δ᾽ ἄδικον κακίας ἔγγονον, κακία δ᾽ ἐξ οἴκου τῆς ἀθανασίας πεφυγάδευται, θεῖον δέ τι διὰ τὸ μέγεθος ὁ κόσμος καὶ οἶκος θεῶν αἰσθητῶν ἀποδέδεικται, τὸ δὴ φάσκειν ὅτι φθείρεται μὴ συνορώντων ἐστὶ φύσεως εἱρμὸν καὶ πραγμάτων συνηρτημένην ἀκολουθίαν.

Plutarch (AD 45-120) in section 1 of De Fato wrote:

You are first then to know that this word Fate is spoken and understood two manner of ways; the one as it is an energy, the other as it is a substance. First therefore, as it is an action, Plato¹has under a type described it, saying thus in his dialogue entitled Phaedrus: ‘And this is a sanction of Adrastea (or an inevitable ordinance), that whatever soul being an attendant on God,’ &c. And in his treatise called Timaeus: ‘The laws which God in the nature of the universe has established for immortal souls.’ And in his book of a Commonweal he calls Fate ‘the speech of the virgin Lachesis, who is the daughter of Necessity.’ By which sentences he not tragically but theologically shows us what his sentiments are in this matter. Now if any one, translating the fore-cited passages, would have them expressed in more familiar terms, the description in Phaedrus may be thus explained: That Fate is a divine sentence, intransgressible because its cause cannot be divested or hindered. And according to what he has said in his Timaeus, it is a law ensuing on the nature of the universe, according to which all things that are done are transacted. For this does Lachesis effect, who is indeed the daughter of Necessity,—as we have both already related, and shall yet better understand by that which will be said in the progress of our discourse. Thus you see what Fate is, when it is taken for an action.

πρῶτον τοίνυν ἴσθι, ὅτι εἱμαρμένη διχῶς καὶ λέγεται καὶ νοεῖται· ἡ μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἐνέργεια ἡ δʼ οὐσία. πρῶτον μὲν οὖν ἐνέργειαν τύπῳ ὑπέγραψεν ὁ Πλάτων ἔν τε τῷ Φαίδρῳ λέγων ‘θεσμός τε Ἀδραστείας ὅδε, ἥτις ἂν ψυχὴ θεῷ ξυνοπαδὸς γενομένη·’ ἐν δὲ τῷ Τιμαίῳ ‘νόμους’ οὓς ἐπὶ τῇ τοῦ παντὸς φύσει ὁ θεὸς εἶπε ταῖς ἀθανάτοις ψυχαῖς· ἐν δὲ τῇ Πολιτείᾳ ‘ἀνάγκης θυγατρὸς κόρης Λαχέσεως λόγον’ φησὶν εἶναι τὴν εἱμαρμένην, ουʼ τραγικῶς ἀλλὰ θεολογικῶς τὸ ἀρέσκον αὑτῷ ἀποφαινόμενος. ειʼ δὲ κοινότερον ἐθέλοι τις ταῦτα μεταλαβὼν ὑπογράψαι, ὡς μὲν ἐν Φαίδρῳ λέγοιτʼ ἂν ἡ εἱμαρμένη λόγος θεῖος ἀπαράβατος διʼ αἰτίαν ἀνεμπόδιστον· ὡς δʼ ἐν τῷ Τιμαίῳ νόμος ἀκόλουθος τῇ τοῦ παντὸς φύσει, καθʼ ὃν διεξάγεται τὰ γιγνόμενα. τοῦτο γὰρ ἐκεῖ ἡ Λάχεσις ἐργάζεται, ἡ τῆς Ἀνάγκης ἀληθῶς θυγάτηρ, ὡς καὶ πρότερον παρελάβομεν καὶ ὕστερον ἔτι μᾶλλον εἰσόμεθʼ ἐν τοῖς κατὰ σχολὴν λόγοις. ἥδε μὲν οὖν ἡ κατʼ ἐνέργειαν εἱμαρμένη.

In chapter 51 of his Enchiridion, Epictetus (AD 50-135) wrote:

How long, then, will you delay to demand of yourself the noblest improvements, and in no instance to transgress the judgments of reason? You have received the philosophic principles with which you ought to be conversant; and you have been conversant with them. For what other master, then, do you wait as an excuse for this delay in self-reformation? You are no longer a boy, but a grown man. If, therefore, you will be negligent and slothful, and always add procrastination to procrastination, purpose to purpose, and fix day after day in which you will attend to yourself, you will insensibly continue to accomplish nothing, and, living and dying, remain of vulgar mind. This instant, then, think yourself worthy of living as a man grown up and a proficient. Let whatever appears to be the best, be to you an inviolable law. And if any instance of pain or pleasure, glory or disgrace, be set before you, remember that now is the combat, now the Olympiad comes on, nor can it be put off; and that by one failure and defeat honor may be lost - or won. Thus Socrates became perfect, improving himself by everything, following reason alone. And though you are not yet a Socrates, you ought, however, to live as one seeking to be a Socrates.

[1] Εἰς ποῖον ἔτι χρόνον ἀναβάλλῃ τὸ τῶν βελτίστων ἀξιοῦν σεαυτὸν καὶ ἐν μηδενὶ παραβαίνειν τὸν διαιροῦντα λόγον; παρείληφας τὰ θεωρήματα, οἷς ἔδει σε συμβάλλειν, καὶ συμβέβληκας. ποῖον οὖν ἔτι διδάσκαλον προσδοκᾷς, ἵνα εἰς ἐκεῖνον ὑπερθῇ τὴν ἐπανόρθωσιν ποιῆσαι τὴν σεαυτοῦ; οὐκ ἔτι εἶ μειράκιον, ἀλλὰ ἀνὴρ ἤδη τέλειος. ἂν νῦν ἀμελήσῃς καὶ ῥᾳθυμήσῃς καὶ ἀεὶ προθέσεις ἐκ προθέσεως ποιῇ καὶ ἡμέρας ἄλλας ἐπʼ ἄλλαις ὁρίζῃς, μεθʼ ἃς προσέξεις σεαυτῷ, λήσεις σεαυτὸν ουʼ προκόψας, ἀλλʼ ἰδιώτης διατελέσεις καὶ ζῶν καὶ ἀποθνῄσκων. [2] ἤδη οὖν ἀξίωσον σεαυτὸν βιοῦν ὡς τέλειον καὶ προκόπτοντα· καὶ πᾶν τὸ βέλτιστον φαινόμενον ἔστω σοι νόμος ἀπαράβατος. κἂν ἐπίπονόν τι ἢ ἡδὺ ἢ ἔνδοξον ἢ ἄδοξον προσάγηται, μέμνησο, ὅτι νῦν ὁ ἀγὼν καὶ ἤδη πάρεστι τὰ Ὀλύμπια καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἀναβάλλεσθαι οὐκέτι καὶ ὅτι παρὰ μίαν ἡμέραν καὶ ἓν πρᾶγμα καὶ ἀπόλλυται προκοπὴ καὶ σῴζεται. [3] Σωκράτης οὕτως ἀπετελέσθη, ἐπὶ πάντων τῶν προσαγομένων αὐτῷ μηδενὶ ἄλλῳ προσέχων ἢ τῷ λόγῳ. σὺ δὲ ειʼ καὶ μήπω εἶ Σωκράτης, ὡς Σωκράτης γε εἶναι βουλόμενος ὀφείλεις βιοῦν.