Tuesday, April 4, 2023

The Precolumbian Cosmos (cf. Heleman 3:8)

  

THE PRECOLUMBIAN COSMOS

 

In Precolumbian Mesoamerica, man conceived of his earth as a horizontal plane oriented to four world directions. This earthly realm was surrounded by water and vividly depicted as a spiny crocodile or a fish-like monster floating on the sea. Although the crocodilian metaphor is no longer found in native American thinking, the four-fold division of the cosmos, with a fifth direction in the center, has persisted. The Popol Vuh records that the world was marked out with “four sides” and “four corners” (Tedlock 1985:72). Of the four world directions, the most important axis was created by the sun’s daily route from east to west. The directions were not always aligned with the cardinal directions, but sometimes determined by the points at which the sun rises and sets at summer solstice (June 21) and winter solstice (December 21). (Jeanette Favrot Peterson, Precolumbian Flora and Fauna: Continuity of Plant and Animal Times in Mesoamerican Art [La Jolla, Calif.: Mingei Intl Museum of World, 1990], 12)

 

Further Reading:


Brant Gardner on Helaman 3:8


Margaret and Stephen Bunson on "Cardinal Points" in Ancient Mesoamerica


Freidel, Schele, and Parker on Mesoamerican peoples symbolically centering themselves in a universe that existed inside the four directions


Brant Gardner, "Where are the Nephite Sea East and Sea West?"

Monday, April 3, 2023

Robert Sungenis on the use of Sanctification Terminology where Protestantism would Expect Justification Terminology

  

 

[Instances where sanctified/sanctification is used where one would expect justified/justification include] Ac 26:18, in which Jesus connects the turning away from Satan to God, and being forgiven, with sanctification, not justification (“so that they may receive forgiveness of sin and a place among those who are sanctified [ηγιασμενοις] by faith in me”); 1Pt 1:2, in which Peter connects predestination with sanctification (“who have been chosen according to the foreknowledge of God...through the sanctifying work of the Spirit” [εν αγιασμω πνευματος]); 2 Thessalonians 2:13, in which sanctification and faith are connected directly to being chosen for salvation (“...because from the beginning God chose you to be saved through the sanctifying work of the Spirit [εν αγιασμω πνευματος] and through belief in the truth”); Hb 10:29, in which the sacred writer connects blood with sanctification (“treated as an unholy thing the blood of the covenant that sanctified him [ηγιασθη]”). (NB: This language would be especially troublesome for the Reformed persuasion, since the passage specifies this individual has fallen from sanctification. The Reformed view maintains that sanctification cannot take its place in the ordo salutis unless justification has already occurred, yet it also maintains that if one falls from faith, he was never justified originally). See also Jd 1 and Ep 5:26. (Robert A. Sungenis, Not By Faith Alone: The Biblical Evidence for the Catholic Doctrine of Justification, 2d ed. [State Line, Pa. Catholic Apologetics International Publishing Inc., 2009], 209 n. 245)

 

 

Francis Landy on Isaiah 28:13

  

Hearing is an instrument of vagueness, but also of interruption, miscommunication: 'And the word of the Lord shall be for them ṣaw leṣaw qaw leqaw, a little here, a little there, in order that they should go, and stumble backwards, and be broken, and ensnared, and taken (28.13) (Francis Landy, "Vision and Voice in Isaiah," Beauty and the Enigma And Other Essays on the Hebrew Bible [Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 312; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001], 375)

 

Reformed Apologist Engaging in Projection

 In psychology, projection is

 

a defense mechanism people subconsciously employ in order to cope with difficult feelings or emotions. Psychological projection involves projecting undesirable feelings or emotions onto someone else, rather than admitting to or dealing with the unwanted feelings.

 

This is exemplified by Calvinism’s greatest proof of the truth of total depravity and Catholicism's doctrine of invincible ignorance, James Hazelton, when he said this about yours truly:




 

In realty, Hazelton is a documented liar and false teacher. Don’t take my word for it. See the following:


The Inconsistency of Evangelical Critics of the "Great Apostasy" and the Lack of "Proto-Protestants" in the First Christian Millennium


James Hazelton Continues to Lie Through His Teeth


Reformed Protestant "Checklist" Salvation and Assurance


Baptismal Regeneration in the Writings of Gaius Marius Victorinus (290-364) (Hazelton, proving he is not just biblically illiterate, proved himself to be illiterate of early Christian writings by copying-and-pasting Matt Slick of CARM who claimed Victorinus did not teach baptismal regeneration)


The truth is that Hazelton is a totally depraved individual who cannot exegete his way out of a paper bag, whether it be the biblical texts or early Christian writings.

Sunday, April 2, 2023

Jeffrey Bradshaw, "Was there a similar Fall on other worlds?"

  

WAS THERE A SIMILAR FALL ON OTHER WORLDS?

 

In short, it seems possible that the answer is no. To understand why will take a little explaining. Of course, we are now in the realm of speculation. In trying to describe why Satan was condemned for introducing the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge to Adam and Eve, Hugh Nibley wrote: “Satan disobeyed orders when he revealed certain secrets to Adam and Eve, not because they were not known and done in other worlds, but because hew as not authorized in that time and place to convey them” ([Jeffrey M. Bradshaw, In God’s Image and Likeness, 1], 249) Although Satan had “given the fruit to Adam and Eve, it was not his prerogative to do so—regardless of what had been done in other worlds. (When the time comes for such fruit, it will be given us legitimately)” (JMBIGIL1, 249) Nibley’s statements provide helpful answers to the question of why Satan should not have done what he did, but the question remains Why was timing an issue?

 

Wondering similarly, the fifteenth-century Adamgirk asks: “If a good secret [or mystery (p. 53n108; compare JSTPJS, 5 October 1840, 169]) was in [the evil fruit], why did [God] say not to draw near?” ([Michael E. Stone, ed. Adamgirk’: The Adam Book of Arak’el of Siwnik’], 3:2;5, p. 53) The text then answers its own question implicitly. Simply put, it says that the gift by which Adam and Eve would “become divine” (ADAMGIRK, 1:3:71, p. 101) and for which the tree of knowledge evidently constituted a part of the approach was, as yet, “an unattainable thing that was not in its time” (ADAMGIRK, 1:3:27, p. 96, emphasis added). This thought evokes a statement often attributed to Joseph Smith: “That which I wrong under one circumstance, may be, and often is, right under another . . . Everything that God gives us is lawful and right; and it is proper that we should enjoy His gifts and blessings whenever and wherever He is disposed to bestow; but if we should seize upon those same blessings and enjoyments without law, without revelation, without commandment, those blessings and enjoyments would prove cursings and vexation” (JSDHC, 11 April 1842, 5:135).

 

The application of these statements of the eating of the fruit from the two special trees seem clear. In both cases, those who eat become in some measure “partakers of the divine nature” (2 Peter 1:3). While the tree of knowledge is meant to help those who ingest its fruit legitimately to become “as gods, knowing good and evil” (Moses 4:1; see also 4:28), the tree of life seems to symbolize the means by which eternal life itself is granted to the faithful. But the story of the Fall teaches, that eating the fruit of the tree of knowledge in an unprepared state brings about serious consequences that can be reversed only through Christ’s atonement, enabling Aam and Eve to overcome spiritual and physical death.

 

Going further, although Satan seems to have been aware of what had been “done in other worlds” (JMBIGIL 1, 249), Moses 4:6 makes it clear that he “knew not the mind of God” with respect to this one. Indeed, we might say that it was his very ignorance of God’s designs that paved the way of knowledge for Adam and Eve. The Adversary intended to thwart God’s plan by inducing their transgression, but instead unknowingly served as the required catalyst for the divinely ordained exercise of human choice. In this set up for Satan, God had in some sense beat the Devil at his own game . . .

 

What would have been different about this world as compared to the others Satan apparently knew? Intriguingly, scripture mentions one respect in which this earth is unique: namely that it here that Jesus Christ wrought out His atonement. Though Latter-day Saint teachings affirm that many worlds shared the same Creator and Savior (Doctrine and Covenants 76:23-24), they are also clear in asserting that the Atonement took place once and for all. Also, we are told why our planet was singled out: it was the only one among His creations that would be wicked enough to crucify their Redeemer (see 2 Nephi 10:3; Moses 7:36).

 

With this understanding we might be led to ask whether there are some worlds, more enlightened than our own, on which the fruit of the tree of knowledge was not forbidden at the outset and on which there was no corresponding Fall. Specifically, are there children of God who undergo the entirety of their mortal probation on Eden-like terrestrial worlds—that is, people in addition to those who were translated to go there after having already lived or a time on a telestial world? We already know that Enoch and Jesus Christ Himself ministered to translated beings living on such worlds (JSWORDS, 3 October 1841, 77; JSTPJS, 5 October 1840, 170-71; JTMEDIATION, 76-78), “every kingdom . . . in its time” (Doctrine and Covenants 88:61). C. S. Lewis tried to imagine such a world—populated by intelligent, innocent creatures—in Perlandra, the second volume of his space trilogy. In addition, he seemed to have imagined a universe in which our own world, “the silent planet,” was an exception to the general rule—a “shadowland” that, unlike other planets, was greatly influenced if not largely controlled, by evil immortals.

 

In brief, Satan’s shortsighted strategy seems to have been to opportunistically exploit his discovery of differences between this world and the “other worlds” he had known. God’s success in co-opting the devil’s strategy seems to have resulted, at least in part, from Satan’s ignorance of His unique designs for our world. (Jeffrey M. Bradshaw, The First Days & The Last Days: A Verse-by-Verse Commentary on the Book of Moses and JS-Matthew in Light of the Temple [Orem, Utah: The Interpreter Foundation, 2021], 88)

 

On the meaning of "Eastward" in Moses 3:8

  

eastward. To an ancient reader in the Mesopotamian milieu, the phrase “eastward in Eden” could be taken as meaning that the garden sits at the dawn horizon—the meeting place of heaven and earth. By its very nature, the horizon is not a final end point but rather a portal, a place of two-way transition between the heavens and the earth. Nibley writes: “Egyptians . . . never . .  .speak of [the land beyond the grave] as an earthly paradise; it is only to be reached by the dead.’ . . . [It] is neither heaven nor earth but lies between them. . . . In a Hebrew Enoch apocryphon, the Lord, in visiting the earth, rests in the Garden of Eden and, moving in the reverse direction, passes through ‘the Garden of the firmament.’ . . . Every transition must be provided with such a setting, not only from here to heaven, but in the reverse direction in the beginning” ([The Message of the Joseph Smith Papyri: An Egyptian Endowment], 294-95). “The passage from world to world and from horizon to horizon is dramatized in the ordinances of the temple, which itself is called the horizon” ([Teachings of the Pearl of Great Price], 199).

 

Situating this concept with respect to the story of Adam and Eve, the Book of the Bee says that the garden “was placed between heaven and earth, below the firmament [that is, below the celestial world] and above the earth [that is, above the telestial world], and that God placed it there . . . so that, if [Adam] kept [God’s] commands He might lift him up to heaven, but if he transgressed them, He might cast him down to this earth” ([Jeffrey M. Bradshaw, In God’s Image and Likeness, 1, 160, see also pp. 139-44, 161) (Jeffrey M. Bradshaw, The First Days & The Last Days: A Verse-Commentary on the Book of Moses and JS-Matthew in Light of the Temple [Orem, Utah: The Interpreter Foundation, 2021], 51)

 

Joseph Smith on the Relationship between Regeneration and Ordinances

In a discourse dated between June 26 to August 3, 1839, Joseph Smith taught that:

 

Being born again comes by the Spirit of God through ordinances. (William Clayton version; the Willard Richards account reads the same)

 

This shows that Joseph did believe in baptismal regeneration; it also shows that he understand the difference between various “causes” (here, ordinances are not meritorious causes; they are instrumental causes, with the Spirit working through physical means [water of baptism; laying on of hands in confirmation, etc]).

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