Thursday, December 28, 2023

Everett Ferguson on the theology of baptism in the Epistle of Barnabas

 


Neither was proselyte baptism, which may have begun not long before Barnabas’s time, explicitly connected with forgiveness of sins. Rabbinic literature described the proselyte as not only ceremonially pure (Pes. 8.8) but also as separated from the grace (Pes. 8.8), as a newborn child (b. Yeb. 221; 48b; 62a), as becoming a different person (b. Yeb. 23a), as repenting and changing life (the late Qoh. R. 1.8.4), and becoming a freed person (B. Yeb. 46a), and becoming an Israelite in all respects (b. Yeb. 47b). But these descriptions seem to refer more to legal status (Sheb. 10.9; Yeb. 11.2; Hull. 10.4) and not to entail an inner rebirth. (Everett Ferguson, “Christian and Jewish Baptism According to the Epistle of Barnabas,” in Dimensions of Baptism: Biblical and Theological Studies (Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series 234; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2002], 213)

 

"Altar as a Place of Deliverance" and Alma 15:17

  

Altars have always played an important role in religious practice and belief. In the Old Testament the verb from which the noun altar derives, zbh (to sacrifice), demonstrates the primary function of altars as places for offering sacrifice. Altars also served as places of deliverance. In ancient Israel a person accused of committing a serious offense could flee to an altar to avoid immediate death. The Old Testament refers to this tradition in the so-called Covenant Code of Exodus:

 

He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death. And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee. But if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbour, to slay him with guile; thou shalt take him from mine altar, that he may die. (Exodus 21:12-14)

 

Later variants of this statute make clear that the places of refuge were cities appointed for that specific purpose (compare Deuteronomy 19:1—7; Numbers 35:9—28; Joshua 20). In a city of refuge an accused person could find housing, food, and employment—none of which could be had at the altar. The original place of asylum, however, was the altar of God.2 3 The Exodus

passage quoted above supports this view, as do the accounts in 1 Kings 1:50-51 and 2:28. which relate that Solomon's enemies Adonijah and Joab fled to the tabernacle and “caught hold on the horns of the altar” in hopes of deliverance, albeit with different results.

 

This information proves significant for an understanding of altars in Nephite society, which as an heir to the customs of ancient Israel reflected many of the traditions preserved in the Hebrew Bible. One of the four references to altars in the Book of Mormon establishes a direct correlation between that record and the Old Testament.

 

Alma 15:17 notes that after Alma established the church at Sidom, the people “began to humble themselves before God, and began to assemble themselves together at their sanctuaries to worship God before the altar, watching and praying continually, that they might be delivered from Satan, and from death, and from destruction.” (The words before God are equivalent to the Hebrew phrase lipne YHWH and suggest a temple context as the original Sitz im Leben, or “setting in life.”)

 

This verse invokes Israelite custom by identifying the altar as a location of deliverance, a subtlety that provides further evidence that the Book of Mormon clearly reflects the traditions of antiquity. (David E. Bokovoy and John A. Tvedtnes, Testaments: Links Between the Book of Mormon and the Hebrew Bible [Tooele, Utah: Heritage Press, 2003], 166-67)

 

Wednesday, December 27, 2023

Happy 10,000th post!

I set up this blog in August 2014. This post is the 10,000th post! I would like to thank everyone who has followed this blog over the years, and here is to another 10,000 posts


I shared before that when I started this blog in August 2014, I thought my enthusiasm for blogging would fizzle out after a few weeks. Flash forward just over 9 years and I am still blogging, and hopefully such will continue.


In 2022, I started podcasting (the Scriptural Mormonism Podcast) and doing streams on my youtube channel.


For those who wish to support my writing/research, feel free to donate via Paypal and/or Patreon and/or Venmo.

Note on the Addition of "Cities" to Isaiah 5:9 in 2 Nephi 15:9

  

2 Nephi 15:9

Isa 5:9

In mine ears saith the Lord of Hosts:
 Of a truth many houses shall be desolate,
 
and great and fair cities without inhabitant.

In mine ears said the LORD of hosts,
 Of a truth many houses shall be desolate,
 
even great and fair, without inhabitant

 

Commenting on Isa 5:9 (=2 Nephi 15:9), one non-LDS scholar noted that “cities” are in view in the passage:

 

There is a time limit for this condition, and it is the fulfillment of the previous visions of the destruction of the land. Cities will be without inhabitant (5.9) and the land will be desolate (1.7; 5.9). (Peter D. Miscall, Isaiah [2d ed.; Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2006], 46, emphasis added)

 

It should be noted that the Book of Mormon personifies cities as feminine, offering (albeit implicit) evidence that the text is familiar with ‎עִיר ‘ir being feminine:

 

But behold, it is for the righteous' sake that it is spared. But behold, the time cometh, saith the Lord, that when ye shall cast out the righteous from among you, then shall ye be ripe for destruction; yea, wo be unto this great city, because of the wickedness and abominations which are in her. Yea, and wo be unto the city of Gideon, for the wickedness and abominations which are in her. (Helaman 13:14-15)

 

And they did also march forward against the city Teancum, and did drive the inhabitants forth out of her, and did take many prisoners both women and children, and did offer them up as sacrifices unto their idol gods. (Moroni 4:14)

 

Rex C. Reeve, The Book of Mormon: A Book Written For Our Day

 

Rex C. Reeve, The Book of Mormon: A Book Written For Our Day








Russell M. Nelson's Appeal to the Complexity of Creation as Evidence for God

  

The fact that man exists is a miracle. As physicians we do not know how two cells unite to form an embryo or how those cells differentiate and divide, some to become eyes that see, some to become ears that hear, and some to become fingers that feel the beautiful things around us. As scientists we can study this process, describe it, and even manipulate it within the laws that God has provided. We are incapable of complete understanding, but our observations cause us to have faith in the process and in Him as the provider of the process.

 

As a youth, I remember wanting a fine camera. I wanted one that had a light meter and, hopefully, an automatic focusing device. Then one day I stood before a mirror and flashed a light into my own eye, and recognized the change in my eye as I withdrew the beam of light. Suddenly I realized that I already had two cameras finer than man could make. I had instant focus and instant accommodation to light and to darkness; not only that, but stereoscopic vision as well, for my two “cameras” were able to transmit images to the brain not be fused into one three-dimensional picture.

 

The miracle of hearing leaves me in awe. First, wound waves strike the eardrums, making them vibrate so slightly. Then that motion is amplified by three tiny ossicles, which transmit that energy to the auditory nerve, which in turn sends an electrical signal to the brain. This amazing mechanism is the model on which all electronic recording and sound amplification systems are based. Our Divine Creator knew all about these processes long before man “discovered” them.

 

The heart has four little valves that open and close more than 100,000 times a day, over 36 million times a year. There is no material yet devised by man capable of flexion that many times without ultimate fatigue and fracture. The best artificial heart valve available to us now is that taken from the lowly pig. Man has learned to harvest that pig valve, prepare it, mount it on a strut, and then implant it to serve as a human valve would. To date, it is better than any of the valves man has made from steel and plastic, although we don’t know yet how durable it may be.

 

The amount of work done by the heart is most amazing. Each day it pumps enough fluid to fill a 2,000-gallon tank car and performs work equivalent to lifting a 150-pound man to the top of the Empire State Building, which consuming about 4 watts, less energy than is used by the smallest light bulb in our home.

 

At the crest of the heart is a little electrical transmitter, the sinoatrial node, which sends its signal over the network of special conduction tissue throughout the heart to organize the heartbeat and synchronize it in response to the extra demands of exercise and the lessened demands at rest.

 

As I go to meetings of the American Heart Association, I see thousands of doctors attending myriads of special scientific sessions, all probing deeply to learn more about this simple pump. It seems all the more we learn, the more we have yet to learn.

 

Even more amazing is the phenomenon of the human mind. The electrical signals emitted from the mind can be recorded by electroencephalographic means, and some researchers have even induced recall of memory by stimulating specific areas of the brain electrically. Nevertheless, physicians do not know how the mind is able to store and retrieve information. The mechanism of the brain is marvelous, and the possession of the mind a sacred responsibility. To see and hear is also a sacred privilege, and the contamination of the memory storage bank by anything unworthy of its divine origin and its infinite capability is sacrilege. As I marvel at the minds of the prophets, I know it is possible for the human mind to receive inspiration and revelation and to provide prophetic and inspired pronouncements. The aging process itself does not dull the mind, but indeed enriches it if one has continually filled the mind with worthy and worthwhile things.

 

The power of the body to autoregulate has fascinated me. Most of us have a blood sugar level between 80 and 100 milligrams per 100 milliliters when fasting. This is all regulated without our having to do a thing about it. Countless other constituents of the blood are similarly regulated without any thought of outs. One gains a greater appreciation of this when one considers the hospital use of a blood gas analyzer. It is a rather sizeable instrument, about half the size of an upright piano. How excited we were when we could put a specimen of blood in this analyzer and learn, without five minutes, what the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide were. This was a great boon in our treatment of patients who required artificial respiration. Yet, in our bodies are two little clusters of cells, situated on each side of the neck that continuously analyze oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood. This information is then transmitted by nerves to the brain, which in turn governs the muscles of respiration. It is this mechanism that only permits us to stay so long under water without an overpowering drive to come to the surface for air. That is because as the carbon dioxide accumulates and the blood pH begins to go down, these sensing centers are sending signals to the brain that the pressure of oxygen is low, and that the level of carbon dioxide is high. A few good breaths of fresh air will correct these abnormalities. These sending centers are ours as a gift from our Creator. (Russell M. Nelson, From Heart to Heart: An Autobiography [Salt Lake City: Quality Press, Inc., 1979], 287-88, 290)

 

Russell M. Nelson's Recollection of Boyd K. Packer's (Based) Comments During a Sealing Ceremony (November 20, 1979)

  

The Marriage of
Marsha Nelson and Hugh Christopher McKellar

 

Date: Friday, November 20, 1979

Time: 1:00 p.m.

Place: Salt Lake Temple, Room 12

Officiating: Elder Boyd K. Packer, apostle of the Lord and member of the Council of the Twelve.

Present: Marsha, Chris, all four parents, and twenty-eight other close relatives and friends.

 

Elder Packer stressed that today a new unit of the Church was being formed. This differs from the boundaries of wards and stakes, which are set up merely for the convenience of administration and are subject to change. The new unit of the Church is named after the holder of the priesthood, and bears the name of McKellar, and Chris presides over this new unit of the Church, which is an eternal unit.

 

Then he went on to indicate some factors that might mitigate the success of this family unit:

 

1. Problems. When problems arise, each should go to the other and not beyond, until the two of you have had a chance to discuss it thoughtfully, and then prayerfully, to resolve the problem. Then, it is proper to see counsel with the bishop, with the stake president, and/or with parents.

 

2. Leadership. There should be one breadwinner—Chris. Of course, during the phase of married life before the children have come, and after they have gone from the home, it is less crucial; but when there are children in the home, the most extravagant economy would be for the spiritual loss of the mother from the home in return for what meager economic gain she could contribute. There must be one father in the home and one mother in the home, both honoring the priesthood, both placing the family first in their list of priorities.

 

3. Children. The purpose of marriage is children. Homes could be built, cars could be brought, other materials could be possessed without the requirement of marriage. The loftiest purpose of the marriage covenant is to provide for a family and invite children into the home. It is a wicked and false doctrine extant in the world today that would lead one to avoid the responsibilities of parenthood.

 

4. Parents Should Let Go of Their Responsibilities. Here, he quoted the statement of President Hugh B. Brown, who referred to the matrimonial ship, and said, “All ashore, we are going ashore, and the first ones down the gangplank should be the in-laws.” This brought a little chuckle of laughter, but the point was, that the ship of matrimony is now being run by Marsha and Chris, and parental interference would not be appropriate, nor would it be appropriate for anyone.

 

Then Elder Packer spoke to Chris and said, “Chris, there would never be any infidelity on your part; there must never be any wedge between you and your bride.” Then he turned to Marsha and said, “There must never be any biting or spiteful remarks.” He then gave the illustration of the couple who had engaged in an exchange of remarks that were made in anger, and as the husband left the door she followed him down the walk to shout one final biting and spiteful remark. Circumstances arose later in that day which caused the husband’s life to be taken in an accident. The anguish in the soul of that wife, who recalled that her last words to him were those of a biting and spiteful remark, caused the opinion to be formulated that this kind of comment should never be exchanged, for they would be the last words between two who are in love.

 

Then he said that next Monday should be the first family home evening and every Monday thereafter, and that the first family prayer should be tonight, and thereafter on a regular basis.

 

After this preliminary counsel, he then explained the ordinance about to be performed, first stressing the blessings of the resurrection, that you will be blessed to come forth on the morning of the first resurrection; then that you would have the right to dominions and powers that can be achieved through activity in the Church and the faithful sustaining of the priesthood; that you will have the blessings of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as pronounced in the Old Testament, and all of those other great blessings that you will fall heir to. Then he mentioned the blessings of your posterity, and that all blessings would be pertaining to the new and everlasting covenant, which you are about to make.

 

Then he gave a final warning that there are those influences in the world that would destroy the family. To this extent, you must be separated from the world and those influences and teachings that are contrary to the eternal and spiritual nature of the family. He emphasized that your image must be the image of the priesthood, even though it will cause some embarrassment on occasion, perhaps even heartbreak and possibly violence. Yet, you must hang on to the image of the priesthood, for the family must be intact in eternities to come.

 

Then he performed the marriage ceremony, with Marsha on his left and Chris on his right. After this was done, they kissed over the altar and then were called up beside him, where rings were exchanged. He was a bit quizzical as Marsha placed the ring on Christ’s right fourth finger, but she replied with a most significant remark: “I am doing it this way, because this is the way Chris wants it.” This taught everyone a good lesson on her willingness to be obedient to the leadership of the priesthood, in righteousness. Again, they kissed to seal the exchange of the rings, and the ceremony was concluded.” (Russell M. Nelson, From Heart to Heart: An Autobiography [Salt Lake City: Quality Press, Inc., 1979], 215, 217-18)

 

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