Genesis Rabbah 73 (47A) and 75 (48C): When Joseph was born, the enemy
(שטן) Esau (Rome) was born (in him).—R. Phineas
(ca. 360) said in the name of R. Samuel b. Nahman (ca. 260), “It is tradition
that Esau (Rome) falls only through Rachel’s descendants (meaning the Messiah
b. Joseph).” ‖ Jerusalem Talmud Yebamot 1.3A.53: R. Dosa b. Harkinas (ca. 90)
said to the scholars, “My brother Jonathan (as opponent) is the first-born
opponent, שטן, and belongs to the students of the school
of Shammai.”—See also the parallel passage b. Yebam. 16A בכור שטן הוא. (Hermann L. Strack and Paul
Billerbeck, A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud and Midrash,
ed. Jacob N. Cerone, 4 vols. [trans. Andrew Bowden and Joseph Longarino;
Bellingham, Wash.: Lexham Press, 2022], 1:151)
