Wednesday, January 22, 2025

The Venerable Bede (d. 735) on the "Woman" of Revelation 12 being the Church

  

[11:19] And the temple of God was opened in heaven; and the ark of his covenant was seen in his temple;

The temple of the Lord, when it stood on earth, once covered the ark of the covenant draped in a mystic veil. But with the veil of the old Temple and the dividing wall rent by the blood of the Lord, the ark of his Incarnation is now revealed to the whole world in the Church, the temple of the living God, whose conversation is in heaven. For just as the heavenly manna [was stored] in [a vessel of] pure gold, so is [Christ’s] divinity in his holy body.

 

and there were lightnings and voices and an earthquakevand great hail.

All of these are powers of flashing, and proclamation, and of the wars of the Church. He had said that these things also happened in the description of the proclamation of the seven angels from the Lord’s coming, when he stood upon the altar, but in general terms, from beginning to end. Then he described each in turn, and how it would come about. So also now, that the temple of God might be opened and that battles might ensue, he says:

 

[12:1] And a great sign appeared in heaven: …

[This is a sign] that now also appears in the Church, that God came into being from man.

 

a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, …

The Church, girded with the light of Christ, treads upon temporal glory. ‘In his days shall justice spring up, and abundance of peace, until /387/ the moon be taken away (or slain)’. That is, the abundance of peace will wax to the point where it removes all the mutability of mortality, when ‘death the last enemy shall be destroyed’. Or else it is because this same Church in part rejoices in Christ, the Sun, in heaven, and in part is on pilgrimage in the body, apart from the Lord. One can here understand his statement His left hand under my head, and his right hand shall embrace me.

 

and on her head a crown of twelve stars.

The head of the Church is adorned with the number of the twelve apostles. Or else you should understand what is designated by the word ‘head’ to be Christ, or the first beginning of this same new-born Church. You have set on his head a crown of precious stones.

 

[12:2] And being with child, she cried out, travailing in birth, …

Spiritually, the Church both brings those with whom she travails to birth, and does not cease to travail in birth with those already born. As she herself says, My little children, with whom I am in labour again, until Christ be formed in you.

 

and was in pain to be delivered.

As the Lord says in the Gospel, A woman, when she is in labour, has sorrow, because her hour is come; but, when she has brought forth the child, she remembers no more the anguish because of her joy. To explain this to his disciples, he adds, So also you now indeed have sorrow; but I will see you again and your heart shall rejoice. /389/

 

[12:3] [And there was seen another sign in heaven.] And behold, a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns [and seven diadems on his heads;]

The Devil, bloody in his fury against the Church, is armed with the might of an earthly kingdom. For in the seven heads he names [the Devil’s] kings, and in the ten horns, all kingdoms.

 

[12:4] And with his tail he dragged down a third of the stars in heaven and cast them to the earth.

He shows the strength and malice of the enemy – the enemy whom the Church, with the Lord’s help, defeats – who has hurled down a countless number of angels or men by cunning deceit, as if with his tail. For the tail is a hidden part, an unclean part, covering the unclean parts with a veil lest they be seen. Tyconius in his usual fashion interprets the third part of the stars which fall as false brethren; the second third is the Church, and the third third is enemies without.

 

And the dragon stood before the woman [who was ready to be delivered], that he might devour her son when she had given birth.

The Devil lies in ambush for the Church, striving to snuff out the faith of Christ in the hearts of believers, so that the one whom she engenders by her instruction, he can as lord (so to speak) kill. His symbolic meaning [figura] is displayed in the trickster Herod who, like the enemies within, pretends that he wishes to adore the Lord, in order that he may destroy him.

 

[12:5] And she brought forth a man-child,

The Church continually gives birth to Christ, despite the dragon’s attack He said that the victor over the Devil who had conquered the woman, was a man-child. For what son is not a man-child? (Bede, Commentary on Revelation, Book Two, Chapter 19, in Bede: Commentary on Revelation [trans. Faith Wallis; Translated Texts for Historians 58; Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2013], 189-91)

 

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