On the basis of the mention of the Lord Jesus in v. 9, it
is assumed that "same lord over all" and "call upon the name κυριος" equally refer to Jesus. Hence, Capes
avers, "Since κυριοςrefers
to Jesus in 10.9, he probably had Jesus in mind here also." We also find
an echo of Joel 2:32 in 1 Cor 1:2 ("with all that in every place call upon
the name of Jesus Christ our Lord"), which may support Capes' claim.
On the other hand, the expression "lord of all"
evokes God's rule over the nations (Jew and Greek). In 1 Chron 29:11-12, YHWH
is "head above all" (LXX has, differently, "lord of all")
and "riches" are also said to come from him in this text. These two
points of contact suggest that Paul is quoting from this prayer, but it is also
common enough to address YHWH in these terms (e.g. 2 Chron 20:6). This in turn
suggests that the use of Joel 2:32 is also a reference to YHWH-"calling
upon the name of the Lord". This is a specific refrain in the Jewish
Scriptures for invoking God to act as a savior (cf. Ps 79:6; 80:18; Isa 64:7;
Jer 10:25; Zeph 3:9; Zech 13:9). This pattern fits with Paul's use of Joel
2:32, which in Joel's day was likewise a time of war and the need for salvation.
With the forthcoming destruction of Jerusalem and time of trouble, Paul preached
that men and women had to believe with their heart and confess with their mouth
and call upon the name of the Lord in order to be saved.
Hence, we find the expression also being used in Peter’s
Pentecost address, again quoting Joel (Acts 2:21), offering salvation
from the great and notable Day of the Lord. More generally, as the disciples
and apostles preached a message of salvation, the expression is used to
describe the response of (some) people to this message (Acts 9:14, 21; 22:16; 1
Cor 1:2; 2 Tim 2:22). “Calling upon the name of the Lord” is an expression for
invoking God to act as a saviour; it is not an expression denoting everyday
personal or cultic prayer. (Thomas Gaston and Andrew Perry, “Christological Monotheism,”
Horizons in Biblical Theology 39 [2017]: 187-88, emphasis in bold in
original)
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