The word “under” (תֹּחוֹת) is not necessary for the
symmetry of the passage, so its presence must be deliberate. The pagan gods are
not heavenly beings at all, but are earthbound! . . . The whole verse is heavy
with sarcasm: these gods depicted by the idols had no part in the creation of
heaven and earth and do not belong upon the earth or under the heavens. They
must disappear. (William Lee Holladay, Jeremiah 1: A Commentary on the Book
of the Prophet Jeremiah, Chapters 1–25 [Hermeneia—a Critical and Historical
Commentary on the Bible; Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1986], 334, 335)
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